ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2026
Social determinants of antenatal care utilization: an analysis of 2022 Ghana demographic and health survey.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite Ghana's free maternal health services policy, antenatal care (ANC) utilization remains suboptimal. This study examines the predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with ANC use among women in Ghana.
methodsUsing the 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS), this study examined 5,302 women aged 15-49 to identify key determinants of ANC use. Antenatal care utilization was defined as completing at least four visits. Guided by the Andersen's healthcare utilization model, predictors were categorized into predisposing (age, education, marital status, religion), enabling (household income, residence, health insurance), and need factors (self-rated health, pregnancy loss). Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to assess differences in ANC utilization. A modified Poisson regression was applied to estimate adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) for the association between predisposing, enabling, and need factors and ANC utilization.
resultsOverall, 88.1% of women utilized ANC. Women aged 25-34 were more likely to use ANC compared to those aged 15-24 ( aPR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00-1.07). Women with secondary ( aPR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.05-1.14) and higher education ( aPR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.04-1.15) were associated with greater ANC use. Married women ( aPR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03-1.10) and Muslim women ( aPR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01-1.07) were more likely to use ANC, whereas women practicing traditional/other religions were less likely to use ANC ( aPR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.75-0.92). Women from rich households ( aPR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.04-1.12) and those with health insurance ( aPR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.14-1.46) were more likely to use ANC. Residence, self-rated health, and pregnancy loss were not significant predictors.
conclusionsKey determinants of ANC utilization included age, education, marital status, religion, household income, and health insurance coverage. This suggests that reducing socioeconomic and cultural obstacles is essential for improving maternal health coverage. Future research is needed to understand the indirect barriers that continue to discourage women from seeking ANC in Ghana.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.