Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41528453›Full record

Observational studyIntensive care medicine2026

Spontaneous breathing trials as predictors of extubation outcomes in neurocritical care: insights from the ENIO study.

Denise Battaglini, Shaurya Taran, Francesca Gualdi, Raphael Cinotti, Karim Asehnoune, Andrea Loggini, Luca Montagnani, Patricia R M Rocco, Marcus J Schultz, Nicolò Antonino Patroniti and 2 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMulticenter StudyObservational Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Intensive care medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03400904 (Gestion du Sevrage de la Ventilation mécanique du Patient neurolésé en réanimation et Association Avec le Devenir. Etude Observationnelle Multi-centrique Internationale. Extubation Strategies in Neuro-Intensive Care Unit Patients and Associations With Outcome. The International Observational ENIO Study.), which is not on this map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03400904 completednot on this map

Gestion du Sevrage de la Ventilation mécanique du Patient neurolésé en réanimation et Association Avec le Devenir. Etude Observationnelle Multi-centrique Internationale. Extubation Strategies in Neuro-Intensive Care Unit Patients and Associations With Outcome. The International Observational ENIO Study.

TypeobservationalSponsorNantes University HospitalRan2018 to 2021Enrolled1,750ConditionsBrain InjuriesArmsPatients with brain injury and mechanical ventilation exposed to extubation/tracheostomy
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Denise BattagliniDepartment of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. battaglini.denise@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0002-6895-6442
Shaurya TaranInterdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Francesca GualdiDepartment of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Raphael CinottiDepartment of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France.
Karim AsehnouneDepartment of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France.
Andrea LogginiBrain & Spine Institute, Southern Illinois Healthcare, Carbondale, IL, USA.
Luca MontagnaniAnesthesia and Critical Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
Patricia R M RoccoLaboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Marcus J SchultzDepartment of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Nicolò Antonino PatronitiDepartment of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
Chiara RobbaDepartment of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
ENIO Collaborators

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeIn critically ill patients, extubation readiness is typically assessed using a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT). Among patients with acute brain injury (ABI), the optimal SBT method remains uncertain.

methodsWe conducted a post-hoc analysis of the ENIO study (NCT03400904), including mechanically ventilated ABI patients with available SBT data, undergoing extubation attempt. SBTs were classified as T-piece, pressure support ventilation (PSV), or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The primary outcome was extubation failure within 5 days. Associations between SBT modality and extubation failure were assessed using multivariable logistic regression and inverse probability of treatment weighting.

resultsOf 1,512 patients enrolled in ENIO, 839 met the inclusion criteria, of whom 270 (32.2%) were female and 396 (47.2%) had traumatic brain injury as the cause of admission. SBTs were performed with PSV in 430 (51.3%), T-piece in 329 (39.2%), and CPAP in 80 (9.5%). SBT median duration was 60 min in PSV and T-piece, while 120 min in CPAP. Extubation failure occurred in 177 (21.1%) cases. In multivariable analyses, there was no significant association between SBT modality or duration and extubation outcome. Results were similar in ABI subgroup analyses. After inverse probability weighting, vigorous cough remained the only significant predictor of extubation success.

conclusionsIn this large international ABI cohort, neither SBT mode nor duration was associated with extubation failure.

Indexed as

Airway ExtubationBrain InjuriesRespirationVentilator WeaningAgedContinuous Positive Airway PressureCritical CareCritical IllnessFemaleHumansIntensive Care UnitsLogistic ModelsMaleMiddle AgedRespiration, ArtificialSecondary Data AnalysisAcute brain injuryCritically illExtubationMechanical ventilationSpontaneous breathing trialWeaning

Identifiers

PMID41528453

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.