Observational studyJournal of the American Heart Association2026
Association of Higher Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake With Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stage Severity and Mortality in US Adults: A Cross-Sectional and Prospective Cohort Analysis of NHANES 1999 to 2018.
Observational study in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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9 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome interlinks obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular dysfunction. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) possess anti-inflammatory and metabolic properties potentially relevant to CKM health, yet their links to disease severity and mortality remain undefined.
methodsThis cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis included 27 934 US adults with CKM syndrome from NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) 1999 to 2018. Dietary n-3 PUFA intake (mg/kg per day) was ascertained from 2 24-hour recalls. Mortality was ascertained via linkage to the National Death Index through 2019. Cross-sectional CKM stage was analyzed using weighted ordered logistic regression. Mortality risk was evaluated using Cox models, restricted cubic splines, and weighted quantile sum regression.
resultsEach 10 mg/kg per day higher n-3 PUFA intake was associated with 13% lower odds of advanced CKM stage (odds ratio [OR], 0.87 [95% CI, 0.83-0.91]). Over a median 9-year follow-up (5150 deaths), a nonlinear, L-shaped relationship with all-cause mortality was observed, with a threshold at 22.35 mg/kg per day. Below this point, each 1 mg/kg per day increment was associated with a 1% lower mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR], 0.99 [95% CI, 0.98-1.00]). Participants in the highest versus lowest intake quartile had 48% lower odds of severe CKM stage (OR, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.46-0.60]) and 25% lower mortality (HR, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.61-0.92]). Docosapentaenoic acid was the primary n-3 PUFA species associated with mortality risk. Variation in glucose disposal and biological aging collectively explained 6.7% of the mortality association.
conclusionsHigher n-3 PUFA intake is associated with less severe CKM stage and linked to lower mortality in an L-shaped, threshold-dependent manner.
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