Evidence mapPaperPMID 41533300Full record

ArticleDiscover oncology2026

The MAD2L1-FOXM1 axis negatively regulates CD4⁺ T cell and macrophages infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma.

Chainsee Saini, Prerna Vats, Bhavika Baweja, Rajeev Nema

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Article in Discover oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Chainsee SainiDepartment of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India.
Prerna VatsDepartment of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India.
Bhavika BawejaDepartment of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India.
Rajeev NemaDepartment of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India. rajeev.nema@jaipur.manipal.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) exhibits high genetic heterogeneity and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), often characterized by reduced immune cell infiltration. Tumor-intrinsic regulators of cell cycle and genomic stability, such as MAD2L1, may also influence immune evasion, but their mechanistic role in LUAD remains unclear.

methodsCo-expression profiling was carried out to identify genes positively and negatively associated with MAD2L1 by using Correlation AnalayzeR and was corroborated using ENCORI, GEPIA2 and TIMER2.0 databases. Subsequent prognostic evaluation for all the genes was performed by using KM Plotter. The Spring Viewer transcriptomic database was used to assess the immune cell infiltration patterns correlating with these genes in NSCLC and the association was evaluated using the GSCA and TIMER2.0 databases. Additionally, the expression dynamics across pathological stages was determined by using GSCA.

resultsFOXM1 was previously identified as a key upstream regulator of MAD2L1, with co-expression analysis revealing strong positive associations with cell cycle regulators (BIRC5, BUB1B, TTK, CCNA2, DLGAP5) and negative associations with immune-related genes (IL3RA, MPEG1, NCKAP1L, GIMAP8, MS4A14). High MAD2L1 and its positive gene panel correlated with reduced CD4⁺ T cell infiltration, while the negative panel correlated with macrophage-rich TMEs. Stage-wise analysis showed an increase in the positive panel and a decrease in the negative panel from stage I to IV.

conclusionThe MAD2L1 axis emerges as a potential driver of immune exclusion in LUAD by suppressing CD4⁺ T cell infiltration, linking tumor proliferation to immune evasion. Targeting this axis may offer a strategy to restore anti-tumor immunity.

Indexed as

CD4⁺ T cellsFOXM1Immune exclusionLung adenocarcinomaMacrophagesMAD2L1Tumor microenvironment

Identifiers

PMID41533300
PMCPMC12824082

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.