Multi-omics to study chronic respiratory diseases and viral infections.

Despite recent advances, the underlying mechanisms of the development and progression of many chronic respiratory diseases remain to be elucidated. Factors such as heterogeneity and complexity of human diseases and difficulty interpreting large datasets hinder research into chronic respiratory diseases. Omics assesses the changes in specific biological entities, such as mRNA expression, epigenetics/epigenomics, genomics, proteomics, metagenomics and metabolomics, and provides valuable insights into the roles of these processes in chronic respiratory diseases. High-throughput omics at bulk, single-cell and spatial levels empower the exploration of disease-related changes through untargeted data-driven statistical methods. Multi-omics is the exploration and integration of multiple biological processes, which compared to a single-omics, can provide a substantially greater and more holistic overview of the pathogenic mechanisms that underpin complex diseases. Multi-omics analysis can comprehensively characterise the mechanisms that drive chronic respiratory diseases, capturing unique biological signatures and cellular interactions at different omics levels. Use of these methods has begun to identify key factors and biomarkers in chronic respiratory diseases. Here, we review current omics approaches and highlight recent advances in respiratory research achieved using multi-omics and integrative methods. Our review provides a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians in this area.