ArticleScientific reports2026
Genetic characterization and whole-genome sequencing-based genetic analysis of influenza B in Shandong Province during 2015-2024.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Ribosomal protein RPSA is a promising target for the prevention of Streptococcus suis serotype 2.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Molecular and antigenic characteristics of the influenza B virus in Guangzhou, 2022-2023.Virology journal · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) remains a significant concern due to its role in seasonal epidemics, frequently leading to localized outbreaks characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. This study analyzed 109 IBV strains isolated in Shandong Province using phylogenetic and amino acid variation analyses. These sequences were aligned with vaccine strains and representative isolates obtained from the GISAID influenza database. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the maximum likelihood (ML) method in MEGA software, while amino acid substitutions were visualized using MegAlign software, and potential N-glycosylation sites were predicted using NetNGlyc 1.0. Compared with contemporary vaccine strains, the 109 IBV strains isolated in Shandong Province exhibited genetic homology ranging from 96.2 to 100.0%, with a trend of increasing evolutionary divergence over time. Annual amino acid substitutions in the HA gene were observed, particularly within critical antigenic epitopes, including the 120-loop, 150-loop, 160-loop, and 190-helix, as well as in receptor-binding domains. A total of 30 putative antigenic variants were identified. Notably, one strain carried the H273Y mutation in the NA gene, which is associated with resistance to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors. Additional mutations were detected in genes encoding NP, PA, NS1, PB2, and PB1, suggesting their potential involvement in viral replication and immune evasion. Furthermore, one B/Victoria strain was identified with an NP gene derived from the B/Yamagata lineage, indicating possible reassortment between lineages. The genomic evolution of Shandong's IBV strains between 2015 and 2024 was driven by both antigenic drift and genetic reassortment. The suboptimal antigenic match between circulating strains and vaccine components, along with the emergence of drug-resistant variants, underscores the urgent need for continuous vaccine updates and strategic selection of antiviral drugs. Sustained surveillance of IBV epidemiology and genetic evolution remains essential for providing early warnings of potential pandemic threats.
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Registered trials
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