Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41535596›Full record

ReviewDiabetologia2026

Sex steroids, SHBG and type 2 diabetes in women: what do we really know?

Nicolette J D Verhoog, Donita Africander, Karl-Heinz Storbeck

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Diabetologia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Nicolette J D VerhoogDepartment of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. nverhoog@sun.ac.za.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3786-6452
Donita AfricanderDepartment of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3429-7100
Karl-Heinz StorbeckDepartment of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1669-6383

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Androgens and oestrogens differentially regulate metabolic processes that impact the development of type 2 diabetes in women. The biological actions of these sex steroids are, however, dependent on their bioavailability, which is regulated by their carrier protein sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). However, SHBG itself plays a role in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, independent of the sex steroid. The molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of androgens, oestrogens and SHBG in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in women are complex and multifaceted, spanning various insulin-sensitive tissues. This review explores the current knowledge on these topics and provides a mechanistic framework that integrates current experimental and clinical findings, providing insights into sex steroid-specific pathways and the sex steroid-independent effects of SHBG. Finally, the review highlights the need for further studies using appropriate models to delineate the relationship between androgens, 17β-oestradiol, SHBG and type 2 diabetes, with a view to translating these findings to improve women's health.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Gonadal Steroid HormonesSex Hormone-Binding GlobulinAndrogensAnimalsEstradiolEstrogensFemaleHumansAndrogensEstradiolEstrogensGonadal Steroid HormonesSex Hormone-Binding Globulin17β-Oestradiol5α-DihydrotestosteroneAndrogenAndrogen receptorInsulin resistanceOestrogenOestrogen receptorReviewSex hormone-binding globulinTestosterone

Identifiers

PMID41535596

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.