SynthesisBMC palliative care2026
Sex-related differences in end-of-life decision-making in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC palliative care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundFamilies and medical professionals caring for traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients are often faced with decisions regarding the limitation of life-sustaining treatment (LLST). Considering difficulty of outcome prognostication and the resulting lack of objectivity, these decisions remain challenging. Although it is recognized that sex influences end-of-life care, research on sex differences in palliative care (PC) is scarce. To better understand the decision-making process at the end of life in TBI, we investigated potential sex-differences in the frequency of LLST and PC involvement, the extent of LLST, the timing of LLST and PC involvement, and the nature of the decisional authority that instigates the redirection of care.
methodsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, we conducted a literature search in PubMed and EMBASE on March 10th, 2025. We included randomized, interventional, observational, prospective, and retrospective studies published in English on adult patients with TBI. Eligible studies provided data on sex-related differences in the frequency of LLST and PC involvement, the extent of redirection of care, the timing of LLST and PC involvement, and the nature of the decisional authority. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis to assess sex differences in frequency of LLST and PC involvement. Risk of bias was evaluated with funnel plots and the Newcastle-Ottawa-Scale.
resultsOf the 6'254 systematically and 38 manually identified records, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis on sex-related differences in the frequency of LLST, which included 6 studies referring to 367'304 patients, showed a higher likelihood for LLST for female TBI patients (risk ratio 2.16, 95%-CI 1.84-2.54, p < 0.001). The meta-analysis on PC-involvement, based on 4 studies referring to 46'220 patients, showed a higher likelihood of PC provision for female TBI patients (risk ratio 1.22, 95%-CI 1.03-1.43, p < 0.05).
conclusionsOur results suggest that women with TBI are more likely to receive LLST and PC than men. This suggests that patient's sex plays a role in end-of-life decision-making. However, due to methodological limitations, our results must be interpreted with caution and highlight the need for further research.
trial registrationInternational prospective register for systematic reviews (PROSPERO; registration number CRD42025615274).
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