Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41540147›Full record

ReviewNature biomedical engineering2026

Neural mechanisms underlying intracortical microstimulation for sensory restoration.

Christopher Hughes, Xing Chen, Warren Grill, Takashi D Y Kozai

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Nature biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Christopher HughesDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. CLH180@pitt.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-8659
Xing ChenDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3589-1750
Warren GrillDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6588
Takashi D Y KozaiDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. tk.kozai@pitt.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2507-3295

Funding

Engineering the Neuronal Response to Electrical MicrostimulationU01NS126052 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI ORAZEM, MARK E., OTTO, KEVIN J. · 2022 to 2025
$4.3M
Temporal Patterns of Deep Brain StimulationR37NS040894 · NINDS · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI GRILL, WARREN M. · 2015 to 2021
$4.2M
Temporal Patterns of Deep Brain StimulationR01NS040894 · NINDS · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI GRILL, WARREN M. · 2000 to 2013
$3.4M
Biology and Biophysics of the Cortical Response to Transcranial Magnetic StimulationR01NS117405 · NINDS · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI PETERCHEV, ANGEL V, SOMMER, MARC A · 2020 to 2024
$3.3M
Using Electrical Stimulation to Modulation Microglia and the Conversion of Microglia PhenotypesR01NS115707 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI KOZAI, TAKASHI DANIEL YOSHIDA · 2020 to 2024
$3.2M
Subcellular Wireless Axons for in vivo Localized Neuronal ExcitationR01NS105691 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI Takashi Daniel Yoshida Kozai, Wen Li · 2020 to 2026
$3.1M
Mechanisms of Oligodendrocyte Activity on Chronic Brain Implants and Recording PerformanceR01NS129632 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI FRANCA CAMBI, Takashi Daniel Yoshida Kozai · 2023 to 2026
$2.4M
Investigating the Recruitment of Different Neuronal Subpopulations by Intracortical Micro Stimulation Using Two Photon-MicroscopyF32MH130022 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI HUGHES, CHRISTOPHER · 2023 to 2024
$96k
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Inc.) R01NS105691Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Inc.) R01NS115707Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Inc.) R01NS129632Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Inc.) T32NS086749National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER CBET 1943906NIMH NIH HHS F32 MH130022NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS040894NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS105691NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS115707NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS117405NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS129632NINDS NIH HHS R37 NS040894NINDS NIH HHS U01 NS126052University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) N/AU.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) 5F32MH130022-02
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sensation plays a pivotal role in the orchestration of our daily lives. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) can elicit artificial sensations in persons who have lost sensation due to neurological injury or disease. Despite ongoing clinical studies to assess the safety and efficacy of ICMS, the mechanisms underlying neural activation by ICMS and their implications for perception are not well understood. This Review delves into the current understanding of ICMS mechanisms, drawing parallels with physiological sensory processing in the cortex. We explore emerging approaches and note challenges to current technologies, including resolution and the tissue response to electrode insertion. We conclude by highlighting the basic principles of ICMS, lingering questions and important focus areas for continued development.

Indexed as

Cerebral CortexElectric Stimulation TherapySensationAnimalsElectric StimulationElectrodes, ImplantedHumans

Identifiers

PMID41540147
PMCPMC12947168

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.