Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41542059›Full record

ArticleResearch square2026

IBA-1

Merantha Moodley, Tanvir Hossain, Caroline Chasara, Trevor Khaba, Bongiwe Mahlobo, Nicole Reddy, Kavidha Reddy, Thandekile Ngubane, Johan Pansegrouw, Crystal A Mendoza and 4 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Research square, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Merantha MoodleyAfrica Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo, Durban, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0906-808X
Tanvir HossainDepartment of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4765-6600
Caroline ChasaraAfrica Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo, Durban, South Africa.
Trevor KhabaAfrica Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo, Durban, South Africa.
Bongiwe MahloboAfrica Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo, Durban, South Africa.
Nicole ReddyAfrica Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo, Durban, South Africa.
Kavidha ReddyAfrica Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo, Durban, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7024-0574
Thandekile NgubaneHIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo, Durban, South Africa.
Johan PansegrouwDepartment of Surgery, Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, Umlazi, Durban, South Africa.
Crystal A MendozaRagon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Paradise MadlalaHIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo, Durban, South Africa.
Thumbi Ndung'uAfrica Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo, Durban, South Africa.
Tokameh MahmoudiDepartment of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2060-9353
Zaza M NdhlovuAfrica Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo, Durban, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2708-3315

Funding

Epigenetic Control of CD8 T-Cell Differentiation in Human Lymph NodesR01AI145305 · NIAID · KWAZULU-NATAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE TB-HIV · PI NDHLOVU, ZAZA MTINE · 2019 to 2023
$715k
Spatial analysis of tissue immune responses in persistent HIV infectionR01AI181690 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI NDHLOVU, ZAZA MTINE · 2024 to 2024
$547k
Gates Foundation INV-027090NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI145305NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI181690
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite durable viral suppression, cellular sources of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) persistence in human lymphoid tissues remain uncharacterized, with germinal center (GC) macrophages representing an understudied, potentially noteworthy reservoir population. Using integrated spatial, phenotypic, and molecular profiling of 42 excisional lymph nodes (LNs) from 39 individuals living with HIV-1 Clade C, including 25 under suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), we reveal that GC macrophages harbor HIV-1 DNA, RNA, and proteins, defining them as a functional HIV reservoir. Super-plex imaging confirms HIV co-localization with GC macrophages, which were predominantly IBA-1

Identifiers

PMID41542059
PMCPMC12803364

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.