Evidence mapPaperPMID 41542811Full record

ReviewMolecular oncology2026

European Code Against Cancer, 5th edition - outdoor and indoor air pollution and cancer.

Gerard Hoek, Martie van Tongeren, Martin Röösli, Sylvia H J Jochems, Nadia Vilahur, Maria Albin, Isabelle Baldi, Quentin Crowley, Béatrice Fervers, Rüdiger Greinert and 8 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Molecular oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Gerard HoekInstitute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
Martie van TongerenCentre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
Martin RöösliSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Allschwil, Switzerland.
Sylvia H J JochemsInstitute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-7676-1488
Nadia VilahurEuropean Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA), Bilbao, Spain.
Maria AlbinInstitute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Isabelle BaldiInserm U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, EPICENE team, Univ. Bordeaux, France.
Quentin CrowleyGeology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0001-9254-6657
Béatrice FerversDepartment of Prevention Cancer Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
Rüdiger GreinertDepartment of Molecular Cell Biology, Skin Cancer Center, Germany.
Dario ConsonniOccupational Health Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
Ariadna FeliuEnvironmental and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.ORCID 0000-0002-0033-9026
Hajo ZeebDepartment of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz - Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany.
Joachim SchüzEnvironmental and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.ORCID 0000-0001-9687-2134
Erica D'SouzaEnvironmental and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.ORCID 0000-0002-0744-665X
David RitchieEnvironmental and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.ORCID 0000-0003-4816-113X
Carolina EspinaEnvironmental and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.ORCID 0000-0001-6848-4687
Hans KromhoutInstitute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-4233-1890

Funding

European Commission 101075240World Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Most European Union (EU) residents live in areas where outdoor air pollution levels exceed the 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines for fine particles and nitrogen dioxide. Outdoor air pollution is classified as carcinogenic to humans, and both outdoor and indoor air contain established human carcinogens, including diesel exhaust particulates, benzo(a)pyrene [B(A)P] and benzene. The European Code Against Cancer, 5th edition (ECAC5), incorporates recommendations for individuals and policymakers aimed at reducing the cancer burden from both outdoor and indoor air pollution. A critical step is aligning EU air quality limit values with the more stringent 2021 WHO guidelines. This should be complemented by integrated policy measures, including stricter regulation of combustion emissions, promotion of active and environmentally friendly transportation, incentives for cleaner energy sources for heating and cooking, and harmonization with broader EU climate initiatives. At the individual level, emissions and exposure may be reduced by limiting car use, avoiding second-hand smoke, and refraining from burning wood or coal indoors or outdoors. Further exposure reduction may be achieved by limiting walking or cycling along heavily trafficked routes.

Indexed as

Air PollutionAir Pollution, IndoorNeoplasmsAir PollutantsEnvironmental ExposureEuropean UnionHumansWorld Health OrganizationAir Pollutantsair pollutioncancer preventioncombustioneuropean code against cancerindooroutdoor

Identifiers

PMID41542811
PMCPMC12809477

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.