ReviewMolecular medicine reports2026
<p>Converting 'cold' to 'hot' hepatocellular carcinoma for improved immunotherapy (Review)</p>.
Review in Molecular medicine reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Physical Exercise in Immunotherapy.Sports medicine - open · 2026Review
- Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with or without immune checkpoint inhibitors in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.ESMO gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Review
- Overcoming immune resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: insights into mechanisms, predictive factors, and interventional strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
<p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often exhibits an immunologically 'cold' tumor microenvironment (TME) characterized by poor T cell infiltration and active immunosuppressive mechanisms, limiting the efficacy of immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Therefore, converting immunologically cold HCC tumors into 'hot', immune‑reactive tumors has emerged as a critical strategy to enhance immunotherapy responsiveness. In the present review, the tumor immune landscape in HCC is summarized, and the mechanisms underlying its immunologically cold phenotype, and current strategies for reprogramming the TME toward an immune‑active state are described. In addition, the roles of various immune cells, cytokines and tumor‑intrinsic pathways in driving immune exclusion and tolerance are discussed. Therapeutic approaches include ICI‑based combinations with anti‑angiogenic agents or locoregional therapies, as well as dual checkpoint blockade. Other strategies involve targeting immunosuppressive cell populations, oncolytic virus therapy, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapies and epigenetic modulators. Clinical evidence supports the potential of these strategies, with several combinations demonstrating improved response rates and survival. Research aims to optimize these therapies, identify predictive biomarkers and explore novel immune targets to further improve outcomes. Overall, converting HCC from an immunologically cold‑to‑hot tumor represents a promising paradigm to potentiate immunotherapy efficacy, although additional studies and innovative strategies are required to achieve durable benefits for a broader population of patients with HCC.</p>.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.