ReviewImmunological reviews2026
Sex in Immune Cells and Parasitic Diseases - A Complex Relationship.
Review in Immunological reviews, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Long-Lasting Antibody and CD8Vaccines · 2026Article
- Gene regulation in response to host sex and infection route in Brugia pahangi with new genome annotation.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Article
- Sex shapes CD64 expression and vaccine-induced monocytic responses.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Horses From Northern and Eastern China: Investigation of Associated Risk Factors and Assessment of Zoonotic Potential.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Sex in Immune Cells and Parasitic Diseases - A Complex Relationship.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Epidemiological studies consistently show that many parasitic diseases affect males more frequently than females. These disparities are multifactorial, arising partly from gender-specific behaviors that influence exposure risk and health-seeking practices, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Increasing evidence also highlights that biological sex differences within the immune system significantly shape susceptibility to and control of parasitic infections. Recent advances combining classical immunology with single-cell transcriptomics have revealed hormonal and chromosomal factors driving sex-specific differences in innate and adaptive immune cells. These differences can critically influence the course and outcome of parasitic diseases. However, many studies on parasitic diseases still lack adequately sex-disaggregated data or fail to apply state-of-the-art immunological analyses needed to fully characterize biological sex effects. Studies in rodent models that mirror the sex bias observed in humans provide valuable tools to analyze immune mechanisms at the cellular level and dissect underlying biological differences. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on sex differences in key cellular components of innate and adaptive immunity and discuss their relevance for selected parasitic diseases of major global importance-leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, amebiasis, schistosomiasis, and malaria.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.