SynthesisThe British journal of radiology2026
Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of two decades of neuroimaging research.
Synthesis in The British journal of radiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Peripheral and Central miRNA Signatures in Alzheimer's Disease: Tissue-Specific Variability, Sex-Associated Differences, and Implications for Blood-Based Biomarkers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- White matter microstructure disruption associated with PET and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease.PloS one · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesGiven the heterogeneous nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its higher prevalence in females, it is crucial to understand sex-related differences in AD presentation and changes in the brain.
methodsThis systematic review investigates sex differences in AD and summarizes key findings from neuroimaging studies over the past two decades to examine how genetics, hormones, and lifestyle factors influence neuroimaging biomarkers and their correlation with cognitive decline and AD progression. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across several databases for human studies from 2004 to 2024 related to AD, biological sex differences, and neuroimaging.
resultsAfter a 3-step review process, the final extraction included 120 peer-reviewed studies using various neuroimaging modalities, such as MRI, amyloid-beta PET, tau-PET, and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET, to investigate sex as a biological predictor variable in adults with or at risk for AD. Over 90% of the reviewed studies identified clear sex-specific patterns of imaging biomarkers related to cognitive reserve, hormonal changes, APOE-ɛ4 genotype, inflammation, vascular health, and lifestyle factors. Machine learning studies increasingly incorporate sex as a key variable, revealing sex-specific biomarkers and improving model performance in predicting disease status and progression.
conclusionsConsidering biological sex in AD research is essential for improving diagnostic accuracy, tailoring interventions, and health outcomes. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This systematic review identifies sex-specific patterns in neuroimaging biomarkers of AD, influenced by cognitive reserve, hormones, APOE-ɛ4 genotype, inflammation, vascular health, and lifestyle. Recognizing these differences is crucial for understanding, diagnosis, and treatment efficacy.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.