SynthesisEuropean journal of clinical pharmacology2026
Immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitor-combination therapy versus chemotherapy alone among Chinese population in cholangiocarcinoma treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe rise in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cases and deaths in China necessitates new treatments. This investigation is designed to establish the comparative efficacy between the coupling of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) paired with chemotherapy and chemotherapy alone for Chinese individuals diagnosed with CCA.
methodWeb of Science, Embase, Scopus, the Cochrane Library and PubMed databases were scanned systematically, spanning their initial establishment through June 2025. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), the primary outcome measures, were demonstrated by the included studies. Included studies specified objective response rate (ORR), adverse events (AEs), and disease control rate (DCR) as secondary endpoints. Engauge Digitizer 11.3 extracted survival curve data points for studies with sole curve data. Calculated: log (HR) = ln (HR), [Formula: see text],[Formula: see text].
resultsThe synthesis of the research incorporated findings from eight studies, which altogether assessed 802 cases of cholangiocarcinoma. Combining ICIs with chemotherapy markedly enhanced survival duration. OS had a hazard ratio of 0.46 (95% CI, 0.30–0.58; P < 0.001). PFS had a HR of 0.56 (95% CI, 0.46–0.67; P < 0.001). Higher ORR and DCR were also noted with combination therapy (ORR: risk ratio [RR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.22–1.48; P < 0.001; DCR: RR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.84–3.29; P < 0.001). Combination therapy was found, via Kaplan-Meier curves, to significantly increase OS (HR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.39–0.53; P < 0.001); PFS (HR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.35–0.46; P < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis validated stable, OS: HR = 0.46 (95% CI 0.36–0.58, P < 0.001); PFS: HR = 0.56 (95% CI 0.46–0.67, P < 0.001) for ICIs plus chemotherapy treatment.
conclusionsAdding ICIs to chemotherapy for advanced CCA in China enhances treatment response and survival, without added adverse effects, offering a beneficial and tolerable therapeutic alternative for advanced and recurrent CCA.
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