ArticleFrontiers in veterinary science2025
Non-prescription dispensing of veterinary medicines for treating mastitis in dairy cattle among non-veterinary personnel in selected districts of Zambia.
Article in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Probiotics as Sustainable Alternatives to Mitigate Antibiotic Resistance in Bovine Mastitis Management.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Zoonotic Tuberculosis as a One Health Challenge: Global Evidence, Transmission Dynamics, and Policy Gaps in Indonesia.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Closing the knowledge-practice gap in veterinary antimicrobial stewardship: why competency-based continuing professional development is needed in veterinary systems.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: Veterinary antibiotics are vital for managing bacterial infections in animals and preventing zoonotic transmission through animal-derived foods, direct contact, or the environment. However, their misuse and overuse contribute to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across humans, animals, and ecosystems. This study assessed the dispensing practices of non-veterinary personnel regarding veterinary medicines used in dairy cattle in selected districts of Zambia. Specifically, it estimated the prevalence of non-prescription dispensing of antibiotics for treating mastitis and identified the most commonly dispensed antibiotic classes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2024 and June 2025 among 220 veterinary medicine dispensers in Lusaka, Chisamba, Kafue, Chongwe, Monze, and Choma districts. Data were collected using a simulated farmer (mystery shopper) approach to document veterinary antibiotics and other medicines dispensed for treating mastitis in dairy cattle at retail pharmacies and agro-veterinary shops. Results: Of the 220 outlets, 74 (33.6%) were agro-veterinary shops and 146 (66.3%) retail pharmacies. Overall, 126 outlets did not stock veterinary medicines for mastitis. Among the 94 that did, 85 (90.4%) dispensed antibiotics and 9 (9.6%) dispensed other medicines without a prescription. Of the 134 veterinary medicines dispensed, 74.6% ( Conclusion: Non-prescription dispensing of veterinary antibiotics for mastitis by non-veterinary personnel is widespread, posing significant AMR risks to animal, human, and environmental health. Strengthened regulatory oversight, antimicrobial stewardship training, and collaboration between veterinarians and drug outlet owners are essential to promote responsible antibiotic use and curb AMR.
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Registered trials
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