ArticlePeerJ2026
Determinants of subclinical leprosy among household contacts in Indonesia: serological and socio-demographic factors.
Article in PeerJ, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Public Health Response to Imported Hansen's Disease Cases and Contact Investigation Findings in the Chungcheong Region, 2024-2025.Public health weekly report · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Leprosy remains a public health challenge in Indonesia, which ranks third globally after India and Brazil. Subclinical infection among household contacts contributes to ongoing transmission, as individuals infected with Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 among 320 household contacts of confirmed leprosy index cases recruited through purposive sampling. Anti-Phenolic Glycolipid-1 (PGL-1) IgM antibodies were detected using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Bivariate analysis using Chi-square and Results: Overall, 43.8% of household contacts were seropositive for anti-PGL-1 IgM antibodies. Multivariate analysis revealed that a history of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination was associated with significantly lower odds of seropositivity (adjusted OR = 0.514; 95% CI [0.291-0.907]; Conclusion: BCG vaccination status and visible BCG scars were key determinants of anti-PGL-1 seropositivity, suggesting complex interactions between vaccination, immune response, and exposure to
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