Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41556933›Full record

ArticleHealth psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association2026

Situational awareness predicts self-management of type I diabetes in adolescents and young adults.

Paul F Cook, Emily Jost, Gregory Forlenza, Laurel H Messer, Solus Thompson, Evan Peck, Stephen Voida

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Paul F CookDivision of Behavioral, Family, and Population Health, University of Colorado, College of Nursing.ORCID 0000-0001-7791-9072
Emily JostBarbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine.
Gregory ForlenzaBarbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine.
Laurel H MesserTandem Diabetes Corporation.
Solus ThompsonInformation Science Department, College of Media, Communication and Information, University of Colorado.
Evan PeckInformation Science Department, College of Media, Communication and Information, University of Colorado.
Stephen VoidaInformation Science Department, College of Media, Communication and Information, University of Colorado.

Funding

SCH: Striking a Balance: Trust and Privacy in Using Adolescents' Data for Diabetes Self-ManagementR01AT012288 · NCCIH · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO · PI VOIDA, STEPHEN · 2022 to 2025
$1.1M
Colorado Clinical and Translational Science Institute (TL1)TL1RR025778 · NCRR · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI SOKOL, RONALD J. · 2008 to 2011
$730k
NCCIH NIH HHS R01 AT012288NCRR NIH HHS TL1 RR025778NIH HHS
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveUsing a hybrid closed-loop system predicts higher time in target glucose range (TIR) for adolescents and young adults with type I diabetes (T1D). However, patients do not always use these systems effectively for self-management. Based on Two Minds Theory, we hypothesized that more automatic and proactive ways of interacting with the system would be associated with higher TIR, whereas more reactive responses to system prompts would not.

methodWe recruited 20 patients with T1D from a diabetes clinic. Participants used the Tandem t:slim X2 with Control-IQ technology (Control-IQ) hybrid closed-loop system. For 2 weeks, they also completed daily surveys about T1D self-management, plus triggered surveys each time they interacted with Control-IQ about their reasons and perceived automaticity.

resultsProactive reasons for interacting with Control-IQ, such as planning to eat, predicted higher TIR. Reactive interactions, for example, responding to system alerts, did not. In fact, participants had higher TIR when they interacted less often with Control-IQ and administered fewer manual boluses. Self-reported automaticity did not predict TIR, but perceived self-management did. Suspecting high glucose was associated with higher TIR regardless of accuracy.

conclusionsAdolescents who interacted less intensively and more proactively with a hybrid closed-loop system had better glucose control. Accurate perception of glucose mattered less than believing one's glucose might be too high; it is possible that situationally aware participants detected increases before their glucose went out of range. Better measures of automaticity are needed. Hybrid closed-loop systems help adolescents and young adults self-manage T1D when used in a situationally aware way. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Indexed as

AwarenessDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Self-ManagementAdolescentAdultBlood GlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringFemaleHumansInsulinInsulin Infusion SystemsMaleYoung AdultBlood GlucoseInsulin

Identifiers

PMID41556933
PMCPMC12822998

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.