In one paragraphTrial report in Diabetes care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
2 · The registryThe trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
3 · Its place in the literatureWho cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
4 · The recordCorrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
5 · Who and what moneyAuthors and funding
16 authors.
Hui WenBiostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD.
Nicole M ButeraBiostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD.ORCID 0000-0002-8901-3881 Diane UschnerBiostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD.
Heidi Krause-SteinraufBiostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD.ORCID 0000-0001-6894-4110 Michaela R GramzinskiBiostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD.ORCID 0009-0001-1662-7196 Deborah J WexlerMassachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.ORCID 0000-0001-6979-402X Helen PetrovitchDepartment of Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, Honolulu, HI.
Gladys Crespo-RamosEndocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
Basma FattalehVA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA.
Violet LagariMiami VA Healthcare System and University of Miami, Miami, FL.
Elizabeth A WalkerEndocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
Andrea L CherringtonGeneral Internal Medicine and Population Science, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL.ORCID 0000-0002-8321-3567 GRADE Research Group*
Funding
Technology CoreP01AG003949 · NIA · YESHIVA UNIVERSITY · PI Cuiling Wang · 1985 to 2022
$23.0MContinuation of the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness (GRADE) StudyU01DK098246 · NIDDK · GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Heidi Krause-Steinrauf, JOHN M LACHIN · 2021 to 2022
$21.0MVector and Transgenic Mouse CoreP30DK017047 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · 1986 to 2025
$12.6MVanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR)UL1TR002243 · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · 2025 to 2025
$10.7MWashington University Institute of Clinical and Translational SciencesUL1TR002345 · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · 2025 to 2025
$9.3MGeorgia Clinical & Translational Science Alliance (Georgia CTSA)UL1TR002378 · EMORY UNIVERSITY · 2025 to 2025
$9.3MNorth Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute (NC TraCS)UM1TR004406 · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · 2025 to 2025
$8.6MClinical and Translational Science Collaborative of Northern Ohio, Catalyzing Linkages for Everyone's Health (CLE Health)UM1TR004528 · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · 2025 to 2025
$7.9MPilot and Feasibility ProgramP30DK020572 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · 2022 to 2025
$4.9MLouisiana Clinical and Translational Science CenterU54GM104940 · LSU PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CTR · 2025 to 2025
$3.9MNYR-Diabetes Research Center (NYR-DRC)P30DK020541 · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · 2025 to 2025
$2.4MPilot and Feasibility ProgramP30DK072476 · LSU PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CTR · 2005 to 2025
$2.2MAmerican Diabetes AssociationCDC HHSDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases P30DK111022Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases R01DK104845Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases U01DK098246Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases U34DK088043NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000439NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000445NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001108NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001409NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001449NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002243NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002345NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002378NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002489NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002529NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002535NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002537NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002548NCATS NIH HHS UM1 TR004406NCATS NIH HHS UM1 TR004528NHLBI NIH HHSNIA NIH HHS P01 AG003949NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK017047NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK020541NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK020572NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK072476NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK079626NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK092926NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK111022NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK104845NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK098246NIDDK NIH HHS U34 DK088043NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM104940
6 · The paper itselfAbstract
objectiveTo address previous inconsistencies in reports of differential adherence to diabetes medications, we examined medication adherence and evaluated treatment group differences in a substudy of participants in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE). RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsGRADE participants (type 2 diabetes duration <10 years, HbA1c 6.8%-8.5%, on metformin alone) were randomly assigned to add insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin. Adherence was measured semiannually for 3 years using a validated three-item scale (0-100, lowest to highest adherence) in a substudy (N = 1,739). Analyses included evaluation of adherence over time and testing treatment group differences in adherence and in the association between adherence and primary (HbA1c ≥7.0%) and secondary (HbA1c >7.5%) glycemic outcomes.
resultsOverall mean ± SD adherence (average of participant-level mean ± SD) was high over 3 years of follow-up at 88.7 ± 10.01, on a scale of 0-100, and decreased slightly by 3 years relative to baseline (-2.0 ± 14.7; P < 0.0001). No intergroup differences were observed until 3 years, when adherence was 5% and 3% higher for the glimepiride and sitagliptin groups, respectively, than for liraglutide (both P < 0.05). Over follow-up and across groups, a 10-point decrease in adherence was associated with 15% and 19% increased risk of reaching primary (HbA1c ≥7.0%) and secondary (HbA1c >7.5%) glycemic outcomes (both P < 0.0001). Lower adherence was somewhat more predictive of the secondary outcome for those assigned to glargine or liraglutide, compared with glimepiride or sitagliptin (each P < 0.05). No other comparisons were significant.
conclusionsMedication adherence was consistently high in GRADE. Observed treatment group differences were small and of unclear clinical significance. Overall, lower adherence robustly predicted worsening glycemic control, highlighting the importance of ongoing assessment.
Indexed as
Blood GlucoseDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Hypoglycemic AgentsMedication AdherenceAgedFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHumansInsulin GlargineInsulin, Long-ActingLiraglutideMaleMetforminMiddle AgedSitagliptin PhosphateSulfonylurea CompoundsBlood GlucoseglimepirideGlycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic AgentsInsulin GlargineInsulin, Long-ActingLiraglutideMetforminSitagliptin PhosphateSulfonylurea Compounds
Identifiers
PMID41557987
PMCPMC12824802
What Socratic holds
Texttitle and abstract
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