ArticleBMC health services research2026
Cost of diabetes and hypertension services delivered in primary and secondary-level government facilities in Punjab, India.
Article in BMC health services research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe recent rise of diabetes and hypertension in India has motivated initiatives to enhance screening and management of these conditions within the public health care system. The associated healthcare costs of screening and management may inform policy planning and scaling initiatives, yet costs are not well documented in this setting. We conducted a micro-costing study to estimate the cost per visit and total annual cost of outpatient diabetes and hypertension care in primary and secondary level health facilities in northern India.
methodsData collection took place in rural Punjab state in 2019 and included a facility survey and patient time and motion study at 1 district hospital (DH), 2 community health centres (CHC), and 8 primary health centres (PHC). Costs per visit were compared by visit type and facility level using Dunn’s test. We used one-way, deterministic sensitivity analyses to examine the potential impact of uncertainty on findings. Costs are expressed in 2019 INT$ and INR₹ from a health system perspective.
resultsAverage per-visit costs were higher for diabetes (range: INT$12.54–14.36) and co-morbid hypertension and diabetes (range: INT$13.11–15.04) visits than those for hypertension (range: INT$9.04–12.73) across facility levels. The resource categories that drove visit-specific costs were medication (30.4% of costs) and staff (28.9%). At a facility-level, medication and investigation costs tended to be higher for visits at CHCs than those at PHCs and the DH. Total annual costs were highest at the DH (INT$96,114.66) due to the larger number of patients served. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that per-visit costs were most sensitive to medication price and staff salary.
conclusionsThe cost of services delivered for diabetes and hypertension at Indian public sector facilities varied by facility level. Higher costs at CHC and DH levels may reflect the role of these facilities in providing more specialized services, serving medically complex patient populations, or may indicate inefficiencies in service organization. Findings of this analysis may inform health system planning to expand coverage of service delivery.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.