Experimental and clinical insights into the therapeutic potential of Berberis vulgaris and its bioactive constituents in respiratory, allergic, and immunological disorders: a comprehensive review.

Berberis vulgaris (B. vulgaris), commonly known as barberry, has long been valued in traditional medicine for its diverse therapeutic properties. In recent decades, growing experimental and clinical evidence has highlighted its potential role in managing respiratory, allergic, and immunological disorders. The present review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on the pharmacological activities of B. vulgaris and its bioactive constituents, with particular emphasis on respiratory and immune-related conditions. To achieve this, we systematically searched major scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, for relevant publications up to September 2025. Both in vivo and in vitro studies, as well as clinical trials, were included to ensure a balanced perspective. Findings consistently demonstrate that B. vulgaris exerts notable anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Key constituents such as berberine have been shown to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF, IFN-γ) while enhancing anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-4, IL-10). Experimental models reveal its efficacy in alleviating asthma, allergic rhinitis, lung infections, and even certain malignancies of the respiratory tract. Clinical trials further corroborate these outcomes, reporting improvements in patient symptoms with minimal adverse effects. Taken together, the evidence positions B. vulgaris and its constituents as promising natural therapeutic agents for respiratory, allergic, and immunological disorders. Nevertheless, further mechanistic studies and well-designed clinical trials are required to clarify pathways of action and establish standardized dosing regimens for clinical application.