Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41572017›Full record

SynthesisEye (London, England)2026

Prevalence of diplopia among giant cell arteritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Thanansayan Dhivagaran, Fahad R Butt, David Nasri, Pranshu Maini, Erin Lin, Brendan K Tao, Arun Sundaram, Edsel B Ing, Rahul A Sharma

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Eye (London, England), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Thanansayan Dhivagaran *Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-0571-2894
Fahad R Butt *Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
David NasriFaculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
Pranshu MainiFaculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
Erin LinSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.ORCID 0009-0009-2306-1547
Brendan K TaoDepartment of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-7069-3162
Arun SundaramDepartment of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Edsel B IngDepartment of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-0623-0934
Rahul A SharmaDepartment of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. ra.sharma@utoronto.ca.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesDiplopia is an infrequent manifestation of GCA, but may precede other visual disturbances such as transient or permanent vision loss. The literature-pooled prevalence of diplopia in GCA patients stratified by cranial nerve (CN) involvement was assessed. METHODS/LITERATURE REVIEWED: The protocol was registered prospectively (PROSPERO: CRD420251071956). MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched from inception to April 17, 2025. Studies were included if they reported on the proportion of diplopia events in patients with GCA. Literature screening, data extraction, and risk of bias (ROB) assessments were performed independently and in duplicate. A non-pairwise, random-effects meta-analysis was performed.

results50 studies were included, encompassing 21,680 patients with GCA and 664 diplopia events. Overall, the pooled prevalence of diplopia in GCA patients was 7.15% (95% CI = 5.52-9.22%). The pooled prevalence of diplopia in GCA patients with CN III involvement was 0.96% (95% CI = 0.35-2.60%). The pooled prevalence of diplopia in GCA patients with CN IV involvement was 0.30% (95% CI = 0.07-1.26%). The pooled prevalence of diplopia in GCA patients with CN VI involvement was 1.41% (95% CI = 0.54-3.62%). Excluding studies with high risk of ROB, the pooled prevalence of diplopia in GCA patients was 7.14% (95% CI = 5.44-9.33%).

conclusionOverall, 7.15% of patients with GCA experience diplopia, more frequently reported due to abducens nerve palsy compared to oculomotor and trochlear nerve palsies. Accordingly, new-onset binocular diplopia in adults may warrant consideration of GCA and further investigation. Future prospective studies should aim to better characterise underlying aetiologies and assess whether early recognition of diplopia translates to improved visual prognosis.

Indexed as

DiplopiaGiant Cell ArteritisHumansPrevalence

Identifiers

PMID41572017
PMCPMC13013785

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.