ReviewImmunological reviews2026
Sex Differences in the Impact of Obesity on Immunity.
Review in Immunological reviews, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex-Specific Cytokine Responses and Metabolic Adaptation to Weight Loss in Obesity with Insulin Resistance.Nutrients · 2026Observational
- Biological sex differences after high and low doses of influenza A virus infection during obesity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased significantly worldwide in the past few decades and is anticipated to rise further in the future. Obesity, characterized by excessive fat accumulation and chronic low-grade inflammation, dysregulates innate and adaptive immune responses, thereby increasing the risk of infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Males and females differ considerably in patterns of fat distribution, adipose tissue inflammation, and adipocytokine production, resulting in substantial sex-specific differences in metabolic health outcomes during obesity. Despite growing evidence of its importance, biological sex remains underprioritized in preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological obesity-related research. In this review, we explore the impact of biological sex on obesity-associated immune dysregulation and its consequences for a range of health outcomes, including infectious diseases, vaccine-induced immunity, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and cardiometabolic risk. We highlight recent findings from animal models and human studies to discuss the mechanistic roles of sex steroids and chromosome complements in shaping fat distribution, adipose inflammation, gut microbiota composition, and systemic inflammation, which collectively drive sex differences in obesity-associated immune responses. Greater consideration of biological sex in obesity research is essential to better understand disease risk, develop targeted interventions, and improve care.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.