ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2026
Effect of Repeated Medium-Dose Red Laser Irradiation on Ocular Tissues in Guinea Pigs.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Cell membrane-encased thylakoid as white light triggered PDT therapy for facile and targeted choroidal melanoma treatment.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of repeated red laser irradiation at a supraclinical dose on histology and apoptosis-related molecular markers in guinea pig ocular tissues. Methods: Guinea pigs (1 month old) were randomized into two groups: the repeated irradiation group and the control group. After pupil dilation, the repeated irradiation group received binocular red laser (650 nm, 10 mW) exposure for 3 minutes per session, 6 sessions daily, over 8 days. Ocular surface morphology was examined using slit lamp microscopy. Retinal histopathology was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Protein and mRNA expression of apoptosis-related markers (Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax, and Bcl-2) were quantified by Western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Repeated red laser exposure-induced lesions localized to the retina temporal to optic nerve, characterized by outer nuclear layer (ONL) pyknosis, photoreceptor inner/outer segments degeneration, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) disruption. TUNEL staining revealed a significant increase in apoptotic cells within the ONL of irradiated eyes compared with controls (84.33 ± 54.32 vs. 5.06 ± 2.99 cells/section, P = 0.002). Analysis of apoptosis-related proteins revealed upregulation of Bax protein (P < 0.05), downregulation of Bcl-2 mRNA (P < 0.05), and an increased Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio (P < 0.01). Pro-Caspase-9 protein levels decreased (P < 0.05), whereas Caspase-3 gene expression was elevated (P < 0.001). The RPE layer showed disrupted continuity with RPE65 expression reduced within 1000 µm of the optic nerve (1.00 ± 0.13 vs. 0.69 ± 0.07, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Through repeated red laser irradiation at supraclinical dose and frequencies, this study identified the vulnerable targets of red laser in the fundus, demonstrating damage to the ONL, photoreceptor inner/outer segments, and RPE, whereas no adverse effects were observed on anterior segment structures including the cornea and lens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.