Evidence mapPaperPMID 41577834Full record

ReviewNature reviews. Cardiology2026

Residual cardiovascular risk in coronary artery disease: from pathophysiology to established and novel therapies.

Mattia Galli, Antonio Abbate, Marc P Bonaca, Filippo Crea, Maurizio Forte, Giacomo Frati, Mario Gaudino, C Michael Gibson, Diana A Gorog, Roxana Mehran and 5 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Nature reviews. Cardiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. VESALIUS keeps revolutionizing medicine: the case of evolocumab in primary prevention.European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy · 2026
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Mattia GalliDepartment of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.
Antonio AbbateBerne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Marc P BonacaCPC Clinical Research, Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
Filippo CreaCenter of Excellence of Cardiovascular Sciences, Ospedale Isola Tiberina - Gemelli Isola, Rome, Italy.
Maurizio ForteIRCCS NeuroMed, Pozzilli, Italy.
Giacomo FratiDepartment of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.
Mario GaudinoDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
C Michael GibsonBaim Institute for Clinical Research, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4857-9125
Diana A GorogFaculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9286-1451
Roxana MehranMount Sinai Fuster Heart Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5546-262X
Rocco A MontoneDepartment of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-1018
Michelle L O'DonoghueHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
P Gabriel StegINSERM U1148/LVTS, Paris-Cité University, Paris, France.
Sebastiano SciarrettaDepartment of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.
Dominick J AngiolilloDivision of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA. dominick.angiolillo@jax.ufl.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8451-2131

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite substantial advances in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries and its consequences remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Residual cardiovascular risk refers to the ongoing risk of recurrent cardiovascular events that persists in patients with coronary artery disease despite receiving optimal secondary prevention treatment and effective control of conventional risk factors. Lifestyle modification and therapies modulating thrombosis, blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol levels represent the standard approach for the prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. However, current evidence-based therapies and lifestyle modification strategies only partially modulate the pathophysiological pathways involved in the progression and destabilization of atherosclerotic disease, and other mechanisms might have an important role, accounting, at least in part, for the residual cardiovascular risk in these patients. In this Review, we appraise the available evidence and latest insights into the mechanisms and associated biomarkers of recurrent adverse cardiovascular events and provide perspectives on strategies to reduce residual cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease.

Indexed as

Coronary Artery DiseaseSecondary PreventionBiomarkersHeart Disease Risk FactorsHumansRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsRisk Reduction BehaviorTreatment OutcomeBiomarkers

Identifiers

PMID41577834

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.