ReviewNeurosurgical review2026
Dual biomarker role of PD-L1 and LC3B in glioblastoma: prognostic and therapeutic potential.
Review in Neurosurgical review, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Identification of immune-related gene signature for predicting prognosis of glioblastoma patients.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
GBM, the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, has an overall dismal prognosis. Immunotherapy targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has shown limited success in GBM. Resistance to therapies involves different pathways like autophagy. Detecting LC3B expression provides a simple technique for monitoring autophagy. Our goal was to understand the interplay between PD-L1 and LC3B in GBM prognosis and treatment strategies. The study analyzed 61 GBM specimens to assess the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 and LC3B with investigating their correlation with various clinicopathological parameters with assessing the impact of PD-L1 and LC3B expression on patients’ survival and the relation between both markers. Both PD-L1 and LC3B were significantly associated with clinicopathological parameters, including Karnofsky performance score (KPS)(P = 0.028 and 0.004 respectively), surgical resection extent (P = 0.023 and 0.002), treatment response(P = 0.015, P ≤ 0.001), patient outcome(p ≤ 0.001), and recurrence (P ≤ 0.001). There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between overall survival (OS) and both PD-L1 and LC3B expression. Additionally, there was a statistically significant inverse correlation between progression-free survival (PFS) and LC3B expression. PD-L1 expression, extent of resection and adjuvant chemotherapy were identified as independent prognostic factors for overall survival in GBM cases. A statistically significant positive relation existed between PD-L1 and LC3B (P ≤ 0.001). Results of this study suggest that the robust expression of PD-L1 in glioblastoma is associated with poor prognosis. Additionally, high expression of LC3B in GBM suggests increased autophagic activity which associated with unfavourable outcome. Combining immunotherapy with autophagy modulators could be a promising approach for improving GBM treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.