Trial reportDiabetologia2026
Glycaemic, appetite and circadian benefits of a dairy-enriched diet with high-protein breakfast and early daytime-restricted carbohydrate intake in type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover trial.
Trial report in Diabetologia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It reports registered trial NCT03772067. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Influence of Dairy Protein Breakfast on Overall Daily Glycemia, Weight Loss HbA1c and Clock Genes mRNA Expression, in Type 2 Diabetes
Open the trial in the graphWho cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aims/hypothesisThe circadian timing of food intake and the composition of dietary protein sources may jointly influence metabolic regulation. Our aim was to examine the effects of a dairy-enriched vs non-dairy isoenergetic diet with structured meal timing on circadian clock gene expression, glycaemic management and appetite regulation in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
methodsIn a randomised, crossover trial, 25 participants with type 2 diabetes and HbA
resultsTwenty-nine individuals were screened; 25 met eligibility criteria and were randomised to YesMilk or NoMilk dietary interventions in a crossover design. Thirteen participants began with the YesMilk dairy diet, all of whom completed both phases. Of the 12 who began with the NoMilk diet, six completed the study. Nineteen participants completed both intervention phases. Compared with the NoMilk phase, the YesMilk diet upregulated BMAL1 (+1.8-fold, p=0.0003), REV-ERBα (also known as NRD1D1) (+2.2-fold, p<0.001) and CRY1 (+1.4-fold, p=0.03), with higher PER1 expression (p=0.01 between diets at 4 weeks). Glycaemic variables improved under the YesMilk diet, with fasting glucose reduced by ~1.7 mmol/l, glucose management indicator reduced by 0.7%, and time in range increased by 9% compared with baseline (all p<0.05). Hunger and sweet craving scores decreased by 15-20% (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationA dairy-enriched diet aligned with structured meal timing enhanced circadian clock gene expression and improved glycaemic and appetite-related variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. These findings support a mechanistic link between dietary protein source, circadian regulation and metabolic health, warranting confirmation in larger, long-term studies.
trial registrationClincalTrials.gov NCT03772067
fundingThe Israeli Ministry of Health provided funding.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.