Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41579675›Full record

ArticleEnvironment international2026

Pesticides associated with incident diabetes among licensed private pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study cohort (1993-2021).

Christine G Parks, Qian Xiao, Jesse Wilkerson, Jonathan N Hofmann, Laura E Beane Freeman, Dale P Sandler

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Article in Environment international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
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0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Christine G ParksEpidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. Electronic address: Parks1@mail.nih.gov.
Qian XiaoDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.
Jesse WilkersonDLH, LLC, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Jonathan N HofmannOccupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Laura E Beane FreemanOccupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Dale P SandlerEpidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.

Funding

STUDIES OF OCCUPATIONAL CANCER--PESTICIDESZ01CP010119 · NCI · DIVISION OF CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS · PI ALAVANJA, MICHAEL · 1996 to 2008
$5.0M
HEALTH EFFECTS OF EXPOSURES IN AGRICULTUREZ01ES049030 · NIEHS · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES · PI SANDLER, DALE P · 1997 to 2008
$889k
Intramural NIH HHS Z01 CP010119Intramural NIH HHS Z01 ES049030
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGrowing evidence suggests pesticides may increase risk of type 2 diabetes, but data are limited on many specific chemicals.

methodsIn 29,527 private pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study cohort (enrolled 1993-1997 in Iowa and North Carolina), 3,847 incident diabetes cases were identified by self-report during follow-up surveys in 1999-2003, 2005-2010, 2013-2015, and 2019-2021. We examined 50 pesticides reported at enrollment, updated in 1999-2003 or 2005-2010, prior to diabetes diagnosis or end of follow-up, using log-binomial regression to calculate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for ever-use and intensity-weighted lifetime days (IWLD) use (tertiles, T1-3), adjusting for covariates and correlated pesticides.

findingsGreater diabetes risk was associated with 7 organochlorine insecticides: ever-use of DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, and toxaphene (RRs 1.08-1.31), without monotonic exposure-response trends, and lower IWLD of lindane use (

conclusionsThese results show greater diabetes risk associated with use of persistent organochlorine insecticides and banned phenoxy herbicides. Novel findings for widely used insecticides and other pesticides warrant further investigation.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Occupational ExposurePesticidesAdultAgricultureCohort StudiesFarmersFemaleHumansIncidenceIowaMaleMiddle AgedNorth CarolinaPesticidesDiabetes mellitusFumigantsHerbicidesInsecticidesOccupational exposuresProspective studyType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41579675
PMCPMC13001613

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.