ReviewCureus2025
Circulating Viral Antigenic Proteins and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: Associations With Disease Severity and Transmission.
Review in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Influenza virus (INFV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remain major global causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections, leading to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among infants, elderly adults, and individuals from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite advances in diagnostics and vaccines, early predictors of disease severity and transmission potential remain poorly defined. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for studies published between 2005 and 2025, focusing on viral biomarkers such as hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) in influenza and host inflammatory biomarkers in both influenza and RSV infections. Eligible studies were included to evaluate the associations between these biomarkers and disease severity or transmission. A total of 41 studies were included, mainly from the USA and China, with smaller contributions from other countries. Both viral and host biomarkers were consistently linked to clinical outcomes. Elevated levels of circulating cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were strongly associated with disease severity, intensive care admission, and mortality. High titres of anti-HA and anti-NA antibodies correlated with protection, reduced viral shedding, and limited transmission. Few studies integrated viral antigenic data with host inflammatory profiles, and evidence from LMICs, including India, remains limited. Current evidence underscores the dual roles of viral surface antigens (HA/NA) and host inflammatory mediators in shaping disease outcomes and transmission dynamics in influenza and RSV infections. Integrative biomarker-based models combining viral antigenic, immunologic, and clinical parameters could enable early risk stratification, guide antiviral or vaccine strategies, and improve surveillance. Strengthening multicentric, longitudinal biomarker research, particularly in resource-limited settings, is essential to translate these findings into precision public health interventions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.