Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41583996›Full record

ArticlePain reports2026

3-Nitrotyrosine activates excitatory interneurons by inhibiting GABA receptors in the rat spinal dorsal horn.

Yuta Kaimochi, Manabu Yamanaka, Wataru Taniguchi, Naoko Nishio, Yuki Matsuyama, Takeru Ueno, Ryo Miyake, Yuta Yamamoto, Terumasa Nakatsuka, Hiroshi Yamada

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Article in Pain reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Yuta KaimochiDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Manabu YamanakaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Wataru TaniguchiDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Naoko NishioDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Yuki MatsuyamaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Takeru UenoDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Ryo MiyakeDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Yuta YamamotoDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
Terumasa NakatsukaPain Research Center, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Osaka, Japan.
Hiroshi YamadaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: 3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT) is a stable biomarker formed when reactive nitrogen species (RNS) interact with tyrosine residues. Emerging evidence suggests that RNS can amplify pain and contribute to chronic pain conditions. However, 3-NT is considered a relatively stable byproduct, and its role in pain mechanisms has not been thoroughly investigated. Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 3-NT in spinal dorsal horn neurons. Methods: We evaluated the effects of 3-NT on spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in spinal dorsal horn neurons from male Sprague-Dawley rats. Blind whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed on transverse slices prepared from the isolated lumbosacral spinal cord. Results: Perfusion of 3-NT increased the frequency and amplitude of sEPSCs in spinal horn neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. However, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, an AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist, blocked the enhancement of sEPSCs by 3-NT. In addition, 3-NT administration had no effect on the frequency and amplitude of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) in the presence of tetrodotoxin , a sodium channel blocker. Conversely, 3-NT decreased the amplitude of mIPSCs in the presence of tetrodotoxin. 3-Nitrotyrosine decreased the amplitude of mIPSCs when strychnine, a glycine receptor antagonist, was present. However, in the presence of bicuculline, a GABA Conclusion: 3-Nitrotyrosine increases spontaneous glutamate release from the presynaptic terminal to spinal dorsal horn neurons by inhibiting GABA receptors on excitatory interneurons, which in turn enhances their activity.

Indexed as

3-NitrotyrosineExcitatory interneuronsGABA receptorNitroxidative stressPain modulationSpinal dorsal horn

Identifiers

PMID41583996
PMCPMC12826171

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.