Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41588385›Full record

Observational studyBMC public health2026

Spatial distribution of central obesity in rural and peri urban communities of Botswana: a nested Botswana Combination Prevention Project (BCPP) cross-sectional study.

Matlhogonolo Kelepile, Kago Kebotsamang, Moagedi Mawi, Kesaobaka Molebatsi, Onkabetse Julia Molefe-Baikai, Nlingisisi Babayani, Sue C Grady, Gaone Edwin Mogaetsho, Thato Moshomo, Keonayang Kgotlaetsile and 3 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01965470 (Botswana Combination Prevention Project), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01965470 phase4completednot on this map

Botswana Combination Prevention Project: -Evaluation Protocol (Protocol #1): Research Design and Impact Evaluation -Closed Clinical Cohort Protocol (Protocol #3) Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation of Combination HIV Prevention Interventions in Rural and Peri-Urban Communities in Botswana

TypeinterventionalSponsorCenters for Disease Control and PreventionRan2013 to 2018ConditionsHIVArmsCombination Prevention, Enhanced Care
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Matlhogonolo Kelepile *Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. kelepilem@ub.ac.bw.ORCID 0000-0002-8235-6582
Kago Kebotsamang *Department of Statistics, Faculty of Social Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Moagedi MawiDepartment of Statistics, Faculty of Social Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Kesaobaka MolebatsiBotswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Onkabetse Julia Molefe-BaikaiDepartment of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Nlingisisi BabayaniOkavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana.
Sue C GradyDepartment of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, College of Social Sciences, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA.
Gaone Edwin MogaetshoDepartment of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Thato MoshomoDepartment of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Keonayang KgotlaetsileDepartment of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Tshepo LeemeBotswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Tendani Gaolathe *Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
Mosepele Mosepele *Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.

Funding

President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) U01 GH000447 and U2G GH001911
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundObesity is a growing public health concern, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where undernutrition and obesity are in conjuction. In Botswana, the urban transition and environmental factors are likely influencing obesity risk. This study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of central obesity across selected rural and peri-urban communities in Botswana and elucidate on likely demographics influencing the identified spatial variations.

methodsData were drawn from 2,039 individuals (aged 16-65 + years) who participated in the Botswana Combination Prevention Project (BCPP), a community-based (n = 22) cluster-randomized trial (NCT01965470). Central obesity was defined using waist-to-hip ratio > 0.90 in men, > 0.85 in women. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were estimated to predict central obesity prevalence. A Global Moran's I was used to evaluate if there was clustering of central obesity prevalence across communities. To further explore local patterns, Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) was applied to identify specific communities where central obesity prevalence was not random. This analysis distinguished spatial clusters (high-high [HH] and low-low [LL]) as well as spatial outliers. Finally, bivariate local Moran's I was performed to determine the spatial heterogeneity of central obesity and specific predictors (female and median age).

resultsCentral obesity prevalence was estimated at 27.6% using GLMM (AoR 0.276 95% CI 0.131-0.582), (n = 887) and of these, 44.8% (n = 645) participants, resided in rural areas. Spatial analysis revealed significant clustering across rural and peri-urban communities (Moran's I = 0.158, p = 0.04;I = 0.171 p = 0.05). The bivariate Local Moran's I results showed significantly high clusters of central obesity and female (sex) (0.071 p < .001) and central obesity and median age (I = 0.225 p < .001) in both rural and peri-urban communities.

conclusionsCentral obesity in Botswana demonstrates spatial clustering and is significantly influenced by socio-demographic factors. These findings underscore the need for geographically targeted interventions to address central obesity, especially in peri-urban communities.

trial registrationNCT01965470. Registered on October 2013. More information: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/study/NCT01965470?tab=history&a=4 .

Indexed as

Obesity, AbdominalRural PopulationSuburban PopulationUrban PopulationAdolescentAdultAgedBotswanaClinical Trials, Phase IV as TopicCluster AnalysisCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceBotswanaCentral obesitySocio-demographicSpatial autocorrelationSpatial heterogeneity

Identifiers

PMID41588385
PMCPMC12918087

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.