Walking towards psychosocial well-being? Unveiling psychosocial impacts of a group-based walking program with and without cognitive enrichment in older adults-a mixed-methods randomized controlled trial.

Objectives: Evaluating the effects of a group-based cognitively enriched walking program (WALK+) and non-enriched walking program (WALK-only) on psychosocial well-being (as a secondary outcome) in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A six-month randomized controlled trial was conducted, comparing WALK+, WALK-only and a passive control group. WALK+ and WALK-only involved two supervised group-based, and minimum one unsupervised walking session per week. Questionnaires on depressive symptoms, positive well-being, loneliness and social support measured psychosocial well-being at baseline, mid-intervention and post-intervention. Effects on these outcomes were assessed using linear mixed models with random intercepts. Self-perceived changes in psychosocial well-being were assessed post-intervention through a questionnaire and focus groups. Descriptive statistics were used for the questionnaire, and an inductive qualitative content analysis was conducted on the focus group data. Results: No significant intervention effects were found on depressive symptoms, positive well-being, loneliness and social support. Nevertheless, participants reported self-perceived improvements in psychological (40% of WALK+ and 56% of WALK-only participants) and social well-being (43% of WALK+ and 50% of WALK-only participants). The group sessions facilitated social connections, some lasting beyond the intervention period. Conclusions: Although no intervention effects were observed using standardized questionnaires, improvements in self-perceived psychosocial well-being suggest potential psychosocial benefits of WALK+ and WALK-only for older adults.