Evidence mapPaperPMID 41589495Full record

ReviewCNS & neurological disorders drug targets2026

Enzymatic Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: Uncovering Key Targets and Mechanisms.

Abhishek Dewangan, Shouvik Kumar Nandy, Anik Kumar Das, Aditi Sharma, Lalit Sharma

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In one paragraph

Review in CNS & neurological disorders drug targets, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Abhishek DewanganDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bhajol, Solan, H.P., 173229, India.
Shouvik Kumar NandyDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bhajol, Solan, H.P., 173229, India.
Anik Kumar DasDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bhajol, Solan, H.P., 173229, India.
Aditi SharmaDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bhajol, Solan, H.P., 173229, India.
Lalit SharmaDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bhajol, Solan, H.P., 173229, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neuronal illness that disrupts behavior, cognitive, and functional abilities. The development of AD is progressive, continuous, and irreversible, from preclinical illness to mild cognitive or even behavioral disturbance to dementia (a medical brain condition) triggered by AD. Worldwide accepted hypotheses of AD are called the amyloid-cascade and hyperphosphorylated tau-cascade hypotheses, and enzymes are implicated in the pathophysiology of AD directly or indirectly. There is an implication of enzymes in the pathophysiology of AD. Enzymes include proteases (e.g., neprilysin), kinases (e.g., glycogen synthase kinase-3), cholinergic enzymes (e.g., acetylcholinesterase), metalloproteinases (e.g., matrix metalloproteinases), and oxidative stress-related enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase). However, during abnormal or early Alzheimer's Disease (AD) conditions, the activity and expression of these enzymes are altered in biological samples such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with early AD when examined. These alterations in enzyme activity in early AD demonstrate the potential of these enzymes as biomarkers. Early detection of AD in its early stages is crucial for effective control and treatment of the disease. Existing diagnostic techniques rely mainly on neuroimaging and medical evaluation. Through this technique, we can only diagnose the advanced or late stage of AD. Therefore, there is a crucial need to establish valid biomarkers that might assist in the early detection of AD. Enzymatic targets have come to light as a promising alternative for the development of selective and sensitive diagnostic assays. This review aims to investigate the potential of enzymes as an enzymatic target for early AD diagnosis, emphasizing their diagnostic use and fundamental mechanisms. Here, we summarize the role or implication of 25 enzymes in the pathophysiology of AD in the early stage.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseBiomarkersAnimalsEarly DiagnosisHumansBiomarkersAlzheimer’s diseaseamyloid-c cascade hypothesisearly diagnosisenzymatic biomarkersmetalloproteinasestau-c cascade hypothesis

Identifiers

PMID41589495

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.