Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41595133›Full record

ReviewCancers2026

A Comprehensive Review of Immunotherapeutic Modalities in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Safety Considerations

Savi Agarwal, Simon Han, Aadi Lal, Viranshi Vira, Anubhav Chandla, Pasha Mehranpour, Isaac Yang, Madhuri Wadehra

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Cancers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Savi AgarwalDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of California, 300 Stein Plaza Driveway Suite 420, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Simon HanDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of California, 300 Stein Plaza Driveway Suite 420, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Aadi LalUniversity of Miami, 1320 S Dixie Hwy, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.ORCID 0009-0002-2460-8523
Viranshi ViraCase Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
Anubhav ChandlaDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of California, 300 Stein Plaza Driveway Suite 420, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Pasha MehranpourCalifornia University of Science and Medicine, 1501 Violet Street, Colton, CA 92324, USA.
Isaac YangDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of California, 300 Stein Plaza Driveway Suite 420, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5176-5615
Madhuri WadehraDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, 750 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8514-2021

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain malignancy in adults, is associated with poor prognosis and recurrence despite standard of care and newer immunotherapies. This warrants exploration of synergistic approaches such as combination immunotherapy for improved tumor control.

methodsWe initiated a systematic review of articles from 2015-2025 in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science if they assessed immunotherapy for GBM.

resultsWe included 49 studies (n = 3002 patients) with no significant demographic differences across publications. Combination immunotherapy regimens demonstrated higher pooled ORRs in limited comparative analyses, though findings were driven by a small number of studies. Single-arm analysis for overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs), and ORR showed no significant differences among the groups. However, treatment-control arm analysis showed pooled ORs of 9.51 for combination immunotherapies and 0.44 in the control group.

conclusionsCombining immunotherapeutics across mechanisms may potentiate immune response effectiveness against GBM.

Indexed as

clinical trialscombination regimensglioblastoma multiformeimmunotherapy

Identifiers

PMID41595133
PMCPMC12838777

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.