SynthesisInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Unraveling the Androgen Receptor's Role in Hypospadias: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Androgen signaling is critical for male sex differentiation and proper penile development. Disruption of this pathway results in congenital malformations of the male external genitalia, such as hypospadias. Hypospadias is a malformation of the penis, where the urethral opening is located along the ventral shaft rather than the tip. Although the molecular link between androgen signaling, penile differentiation, and proper urethra closure has been established for over 70 years, most hypospadias cases do not have a defined etiology. To clarify how the androgen receptor contributes to human hypospadias, we conducted a quantitative meta-analysis comparing androgen receptor expression in hypospadias patients and healthy boys. Due to substantial heterogeneity and imprecision in both mRNA and protein assays, no consistent direction of androgen receptor expression could be demonstrated, suggesting that hypospadias etiology may be more complicated than just the sole expression of the androgen receptor. To contextualize these results, we complemented the meta-analysis with a mini-review summarizing the various mechanisms through which androgen receptors can be regulated in the developing penis. This review aims to provide a framework for future investigations of androgen signaling and urethral closure mechanisms during penile development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.