Evidence mapPaperPMID 41596649Full record

ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026

Apolipoprotein E4 in Alzheimer's Disease: Role in Pathology, Lipid Metabolism, and Drug Treatment.

Nour F Al-Ghraiybah, Amer E Alkhalifa, Yutaka Itokazu, Taylor O Farr, Naima C Perez, Hande Ali, Amal Kaddoumi

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026
    Review
  3. PreoperativeFrontiers in bioinformatics · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Nour F Al-GhraiybahDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.ORCID 0009-0007-7278-9134
Amer E AlkhalifaDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6872-4780
Yutaka ItokazuDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7800-8262
Taylor O FarrDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
Naima C PerezDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
Hande AliFaculty of Pharmacy, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Türkiye.
Amal KaddoumiDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9792-7766

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory loss. Among the genetic risk factors linked to AD, the Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) remains the strongest. It is well known that carrying the ApoE4 isoform is associated with advanced AD pathology, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and changes in lipid metabolism. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of centrally and peripherally produced ApoE in AD. After this introduction, we focus on new findings regarding ApoE4's effects on AD pathology and BBB function. We then discuss ApoE's role in lipid metabolism in AD, highlighting examples of lipid changes caused by carrying the ApoE4 isoform. Next, the review explores the implications of ApoE4 isoforms for current treatments-whether they involve anti-amyloid therapy or other pharmacological agents used for AD-emphasizing the importance of personalized medicine approaches for patients with this high-risk allele. This review aims to provide an updated overview of ApoE4's effects on AD pathology and treatment. By integrating recent discoveries, it underscores the critical need to consider ApoE4 status in both research and clinical settings to enhance therapeutic strategies and outcomes for individuals with AD.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseApolipoprotein E4Lipid MetabolismAmyloid beta-PeptidesAnimalsBlood-Brain BarrierHumansAmyloid beta-PeptidesApolipoprotein E4Alzheimer’s diseaseamyloid-βApoE4Apolipoprotein Eblood–brain barriercholesterollipid metabolismmonoclonal antibodiesprecision medicine

Identifiers

PMID41596649
PMCPMC12842209

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.