Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41596971›Full record

ArticleFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Evaluating the Quality of Selected Commercial Probiotic Products, Both Dietary Supplements and Foods for Special Medical Purposes.

Anna Zawistowska-Rojek, Justyna Rybak, Paulina Smoleń, Agnieszka Kociszewska, Paweł Rudnicki-Velasquez, Karolina Węgrzyńska, Tomasz Zaręba, Stefan Tyski, Anna Baraniak

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Anna Zawistowska-RojekDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Laboratory Diagnostics, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-6797-3240
Justyna RybakDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Laboratory Diagnostics, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
Paulina SmoleńDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Laboratory Diagnostics, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.ORCID 0009-0000-3289-1125
Agnieszka KociszewskaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Laboratory Diagnostics, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
Paweł Rudnicki-VelasquezDepartment of Falsified Medicines and Medical Devices, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-0368-0112
Karolina WęgrzyńskaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Laboratory Diagnostics, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-4030-6795
Tomasz ZarębaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Laboratory Diagnostics, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
Stefan TyskiDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Laboratory Diagnostics, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-3352-038X
Anna BaraniakDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Laboratory Diagnostics, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-9996-8553

Funding

National Medicines Institute 4/2025
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits when administered in adequate amounts. Due to the increasing popularity of probiotic supplements, concerns have arisen regarding their quality, microbial composition, and safety. This study aimed to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the selected probiotics available on the Polish market, including both dietary supplements and foods for special medical purposes, and to compare the obtained results with the information provided on the product labels. Fifteen commercial probiotic products were analysed. Viable microorganism counts were determined using the traditional culture-based plate count method and by flow cytometry for selected products. Species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS and qPCR, whereas microbiological purity testing was conducted to confirm the absence of pathogenic bacteria. Significant differences were observed between the declared and experimentally determined numbers of viable microorganisms. Only a few products maintained bacterial counts consistent with label claims, while most contained considerably low viable cells. Flow cytometry revealed higher viable cell counts than plate counting, indicating the presence of viable but non-culturable bacteria. The declared species composition of the strains was mostly confirmed, although in several cases, undeclared probiotic microorganisms were identified. All tested products were free from pathogens. The study indicates significant discrepancies in the quality of probiotic supplements available on the Polish market. From a consumer perspective, these findings highlight the importance of verifying probiotic quality and suggest that not all commercial products may guarantee the full range of claimed health benefits. The implementation of standardised analytical procedures and enhanced quality control measures is therefore essential to ensure the product safety, strain authenticity, and reliability of health-related claims.

Indexed as

dietary supplementsflow cytometryMALDI-TOF MSmicrobiological purityprobioticsproduct qualityqPCRviable cell count

Identifiers

PMID41596971
PMCPMC12841206

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.