In Vivo Prostate Cancer Modelling: From the Pre-Clinical to the Clinical Setting.

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains one of the most prevalent malignancies in men and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Over the last century, PCa modelling has evolved from basic cell-based to more complex systems. Despite this, the clinical translation of research findings is limited by the constraints of current preclinical models. In this review, rat and zebrafish models are highlighted due to their long-standing and emerging translational relevance, respectively. Rat models have played a pivotal role in understanding carcinogenesis and supporting the preclinical evaluation of drugs currently approved for clinical use, such as antiandrogens and androgen-deprivation agents. In parallel, zebrafish models are increasingly recognized as powerful complementary tools for studying tumor biology, metastasis, and drug response, offering unique advantages for high-throughput and personalized medicine approaches. We summarize historical milestones, current advances, and translational perspectives, emphasizing how combining multiple model systems can bridge the gap between molecular research and clinical application. Collectively, the development and refinement of these models represent essential steps toward more predictive and ethically responsible PCa research.