Evidence mapPaperPMID 41599368Full record

ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Experimental Models and Translational Strategies in Neuroprotective Drug Development with Emphasis on Alzheimer's Disease.

Przemysław Niziński, Karolina Szalast, Anna Makuch-Kocka, Kinga Paruch-Nosek, Magdalena Ciechanowska, Tomasz Plech

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Therapeutic relevance of an EU-GMP certifiedFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Przemysław NizińskiDepartment of Pharmacology, Chair of Pharmacology and Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-1724-0089
Karolina SzalastDepartment of Pharmacology, Chair of Pharmacology and Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-4657-490X
Anna Makuch-KockaDepartment of Pharmacology, Chair of Pharmacology and Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-8082-535X
Kinga Paruch-NosekDepartment of Pharmacology, Chair of Pharmacology and Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-2090-1300
Magdalena CiechanowskaDepartment of Integrated Medical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, The Mazovian Academy in Płock, 09-402 Płock, Poland.
Tomasz PlechDepartment of Pharmacology, Chair of Pharmacology and Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland.

Funding

National Science Centre 2022/47/O/NZ7/00155
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), are becoming more prevalent and still lack effective disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). However, translational efficiency remains critically low. For example, a ClinicalTrials.gov analysis of AD programs (2002-2012) estimated ~99.6% attrition, while PD programs (1999-2019) achieved an overall success rate of ~14.9%. In vitro platforms are assessed, ranging from immortalized neuronal lines and primary cultures to human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons/glia, neuron-glia co-cultures (including neuroinflammation paradigms), 3D spheroids, organoids, and blood-brain barrier (BBB)-on-chip systems. Complementary in vivo toxin, pharmacological, and genetic models are discussed for systems-level validation and central nervous system (CNS) exposure realism. The therapeutic synthesis focuses on AD, covering symptomatic drugs, anti-amyloid immunotherapies, tau-directed approaches, and repurposed drug classes that target metabolism, neuroinflammation, and network dysfunction. This review links experimental models to translational decision-making, focusing primarily on AD and providing a brief comparative context from other NDDs. It also covers emerging targeted protein degradation (PROTACs). Key priorities include neuroimmune/neurovascular human models, biomarker-anchored adaptive trials, mechanism-guided combination DMTs, and CNS PK/PD-driven development for brain-directed degraders.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseDrug DevelopmentNeuroprotective AgentsTranslational Research, BiomedicalAnimalsBlood-Brain BarrierDisease Models, AnimalHumansNeuronsNeuroprotective Agentsdisease-modifying therapies (DMT)in vitro and in vivo modelsneurodegenerative diseasesneuroprotectionPROTAC

Identifiers

PMID41599368
PMCPMC12844234

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.