ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2025
Bromhexine inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and variant pseudovirus infection via ACE2-targeted mechanisms.
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a highly infectious disease characterized by fever, acute respiratory illness, and pneumonia, known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells through the interaction of its spike glycoprotein (S protein) with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Structural studies have shown that hACE2 interacts exclusively with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike. A high binding affinity between spike and hACE2 has been linked to increased viral infection. Disrupting this interaction can reduce viral infectivity. Methods: This study aimed to assess infection using Omicron variant pseudovirus in a stable HEK-293 cell line expressing hACE2 (HEK-293/ACE2), treated with bromhexine hydrochloride. First, immunofluorescence and Western blot confirmed the presence of hACE2 in the stable line. Then, bromhexine concentrations for treatment were determined by cytotoxicity assays. Next, infection was evaluated using Omicron pseudoviruses carrying GFP and luciferase reporter genes. Infection levels were measured through fluorescence or luciferase activity. Results: Bromhexine reduced infection with an IC Conclusion: Consistent with this model, our findings support an entry-inhibition mechanism whereby bromhexine destabilizes the SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 interface, preventing viral entry. Overall, these results suggest bromhexine as a potential repurposing candidate and support its inclusion in therapeutic strategies aimed at both current and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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