Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41603261›Full record

ArticleJournal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle2026

Age-Stratified Associations of Sarcopenic Obesity With Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes.

Shinta Yamamoto, Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Fuyuko Takahashi, Moe Murai, Nozomi Yoshioka, Yuto Saijyo, Chihiro Munekawa, Hanako Nakajima, Noriyuki Kitagawa, Takafumi Osaka and 7 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. The Indian Obesity Paradox- Low in Muscle, High in Fat.Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Shinta YamamotoDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5617-7978
Yoshitaka HashimotoDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8794-0550
Fuyuko TakahashiDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
Moe MuraiDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
Nozomi YoshiokaDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Moriguchi, Japan.
Yuto SaijyoDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
Chihiro MunekawaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
Hanako NakajimaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
Noriyuki KitagawaDepartment of Diabetology, Kameoka Municipal Hospital, Kameoka, Japan.
Takafumi OsakaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
Ryosuke SakaiDepartment of Diabetes and Metabolism, Osaka Railway Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
Hiroshi OkadaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
Naoko NakanishiDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
Saori MajimaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
Emi UshigomeDepartment of Fundamental Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan.
Masahide HamaguchiDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
Michiaki FukuiDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSarcopenic obesity, the coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity, has been linked to adverse health outcomes due to comorbidity. Evidence on the association between sarcopenic obesity and mortality among individuals with Type 2 diabetes remains limited

methodsSarcopenic obesity was defined using Japan Working Group on Sarcopenic Obesity criteria. Participants were divided into four groups based on the presence of sarcopenia and obesity. Cox proportional hazards models evaluated the mortality risk. Subgroup analyses were performed by age (40-75 vs. >75 years). Sensitivity analysis was performed by dichotomizing participants into sarcopenic obesity and non-sarcopenic obesity groups.

resultsOf the 799 participants (mean age 68.6 years, 59.3% men), proportions of neither sarcopenia nor obesity, obesity alone, sarcopenia alone and sarcopenic obesity were 56.2%, 34.5%, 6.3% and 3.0%, respectively. During a median follow-up of 46 months, 41 deaths occurred. Compared with neither of them, the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) (95% CI) of mortality in obesity alone, sarcopenia alone and sarcopenic obesity were 0.53 (0.18-1.57) (p = 0.25), 2.36 (0.99-5.6) (p = 0.053) and 2.89 (1.01-8.30) (p = 0.048), respectively. Age-stratified analyses revealed that sarcopenic obesity markedly increased mortality risk in participants aged 40-75 years (aHR 13.1 [2.93-58.4], p < 0.001), whereas sarcopenia alone (aHR 3.21 [1.07-8.33], p = 0.004), but not sarcopenic obesity (aHR 1.41 [0.34-8.81], p = 0.51), was associated with increased mortality in those aged > 75 years. Compared with non-sarcopenic obesity, sarcopenic obesity had a significantly higher hazard ratio for mortality (aHR 4.0 [1.44-11.0], p = 0.008). In age-stratified analysis, this association remained significant in participants aged 40-75 years (aHR 14.1 [3.25-61.5], p < 0.001), but not in those aged > 75 years (aHR 1.55 [0.32-7.46], p = 0.59) (interaction p = 0.03).

conclusionsIn Japanese individuals with Type 2 diabetes, sarcopenic obesity was significantly associated with increased mortality risk. This relationship was particularly pronounced in individuals aged 40-75 years, whereas sarcopenia alone was associated with increased mortality risk rather than sarcopenic obesity in individuals aged > 75.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2ObesitySarcopeniaAdultAgedAge FactorsFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRisk Factorscomplicationmortalitysarcopenic obesityType 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID41603261
PMCPMC12848597

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.