Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41606239›Full record

ReviewNpj viruses2026

Mechanistic insights into the impact of prenatal viral infections on maternal and offspring immunity.

Gielenny M Salem, Tamiris Azamor, Débora Familiar-Macedo, Chineme Onwubueke, Mary Catherine Cambou, Weiqiang Chen, Karin Nielsen-Saines, Suan-Sin Foo

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Npj viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Gielenny M SalemDepartment of Infection Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Tamiris AzamorDepartment of Infection Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Débora Familiar-MacedoDepartment of Infection Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Chineme OnwubuekeDepartment of Infection Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Mary Catherine CambouDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Weiqiang ChenDepartment of Infection Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Karin Nielsen-SainesDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Suan-Sin FooDepartment of Infection Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. foos@ccf.org.

Funding

Cleveland Clinic N/A
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Global outbreaks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and respiratory viruses - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza, accounted for ~50 million infections in 2024. Prenatal exposure to these viruses poses substantial risks to maternal and fetal health, yet the underlying immunological mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Despite differences in viral biology and transmission, mounting evidence reveals a convergent theme of maternal immune activation during pregnancy. Even without vertical transmission, virus-elicted maternal immune responses alter the maternal-fetal interface and gut microbiome, reshaping fetal immunity and birth outcomes. These immune perturbations increase susceptibility to infections, neurodevelopmental disorders, and immune-mediated diseases later in life. Here, we discuss viral immune evasion strategies that modulate maternal immunity and review current clinical and emerging therapeutic approaches aimed at mitigating long-term consequences in exposed children. Understanding how prenatal viral exposure shapes lifelong health is critical for developing targeted interventions and reducing postnatal disease burden.

Identifiers

PMID41606239
PMCPMC12852725

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.