ArticleBMC medicine2026
Harmonic patterns embedded in ictal EEG signals in focal epilepsy: new insight into the epileptogenic zone.
Article in BMC medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Power-to-power cross-frequency coupling as a novel approach for temporal lobe seizure detection and analysis.Neuroscience informatics · 2025Article
- Article
- Novel Cyclic Homogeneous Oscillation Detection Method for High Accuracy and Specific Characterization of Neural Dynamics.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
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20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLocalization of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) requires further refinement. We identified a unique ictal spectral structure, the "harmonic pattern" (H pattern), which potentially serves as a novel biomarker for localizing the EZ. This study aimed to analyze the clinical significance of the H pattern and to explore its underlying waveform features.
methodsSeventy patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, undergoing stereo-EEG (SEEG) evaluation and surgery, were included. Time-frequency maps (TFM) were generated using Morlet wavelet transform analysis. The H pattern was defined as multiple equidistant, high-density bands with varying frequencies on TFM. The upper quartile was employed to confirm contacts expressing dominant H pattern (dH pattern). Bispectral analysis and transfer function modeling were employed to assess nonlinear properties and signal propagation, respectively. The performance of the dH pattern in evaluating the EZ was compared with other ictal biomarkers.
resultsRegardless of seizure onset patterns, the H pattern commonly occurred during early or late seizure propagation among 57 patients (81.4%). It harbored within specific EEG segments characterized by fast activity and irregular polyspikes. The H pattern often appeared simultaneously across different brain regions at a consistent fundamental frequency, highlighting a crucial stage in seizure propagation characterized by inter-regional synchronization. The dH pattern demonstrated greater nonlinearity compared to the non-dH pattern, as evidenced by bispectral analysis. The waveforms associated with the dH pattern were more stereotyped and showed increased skewness and/or asymmetry. Notably, the complete removal of areas exhibiting the dH pattern, but not high epileptogenicity index (≥ 0.3) or seizure onset zone, was independently associated with seizure freedom after surgery.
conclusionsThe H pattern provides unique insights into ictal neural dynamics. Additionally, it is a novel and alternative approach for measuring the EZ over an extended ictal time window.
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