Evidence mapPaperPMID 41607318Full record

ReviewJournal of oral & facial pain and headache2026

Management strategies for burning mouth syndrome: a comprehensive review.

Federica Canfora, Noemi Coppola, Elena Calabria, Niccolò Giuseppe Armogida, Michele Davide Mignogna, Gianrico Spagnuolo, Daniela Adamo

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of oral & facial pain and headache, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Federica CanforaDepartment of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-4610-6690
Noemi CoppolaDepartment of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-0030-3621
Elena CalabriaDepartment of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-0739-5650
Niccolò Giuseppe ArmogidaDepartment of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
Michele Davide MignognaDepartment of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
Gianrico SpagnuoloDepartment of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
Daniela AdamoDepartment of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a complex chronic neuropathic orofacial pain disorder characterized by a persistent burning or dysesthetic sensation in the oral cavity without an identifiable organic cause. The management of BMS has evolved beyond symptom relief to focus on achieving full functional recovery (FFR), which encompasses restoring patients to their usual activities without restrictions, addressing both physical and psychological dimensions. Key pharmacological treatments such as clonazepam and capsaicin are explored in detail, alongside the potential of newer agents like various classes of antidepressants (including tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, vortioxetine) and antiepileptics showing promise in addressing the multifactorial nature of BMS. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), low-level laser therapy (LLLT), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), are highlighted for their potential to complement pharmacological treatments. These interventions aim to modify pain perception, reduce psychological burdens, and enhance overall quality of life. Lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, stress management techniques, improved sleep hygiene, and regular physical activity, are essential components of a holistic treatment plan that addresses modifiable risk factors affecting brain health. The integration of telemedicine and digital health resources is proposed to enhance patient management and accessibility to multidisciplinary care. This review provides a comprehensive update on all available therapeutic approaches for BMS, encompassing pharmacological treatments, non-pharmacotherapeutic interventions, and lifestyle optimization strategies, offering a holistic perspective on managing this condition.

Indexed as

Burning Mouth SyndromeAntidepressive AgentsHumansAntidepressive AgentsBurning mouth syndromeClonazepamDysesthetic sensationFull functional recoveryVortioxetine

Identifiers

PMID41607318
PMCPMC12853153

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.