Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41609679›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026

Automated decision-making by chemical echolocation in active droplets.

Aritra K Mukhopadhyay, Ran Niu, Linhui Fu, Kai Feng, Christopher Fujta, Qiang Zhao, Jinping Qu, Benno Liebchen

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Automated decision-making by chemical echolocation in active droplets.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Aritra K Mukhopadhyay *Department of Physics, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-4899-0491
Ran Niu *School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.ORCID 0000-0001-7791-3914
Linhui Fu *School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
Kai FengSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
Christopher FujtaDepartment of Physics, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany.
Qiang ZhaoSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.ORCID 0000-0002-0643-5916
Jinping QuSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
Benno LiebchenDepartment of Physics, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-7647-6430

Funding

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) 233630050 (TRR- 146)MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 22102059
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Motile microorganisms, like bacteria and algae, unify abilities like self-propulsion, autonomous navigation, and decision-making on the micron scale. While recent breakthroughs have led to the creation of synthetic microswimmers and nanoagents that can also self-propel, they still lack the functionality and sophistication of their biological counterparts. This study pioneers a mechanism enabling synthetic agents to autonomously navigate and make decisions, allowing them to solve mazes and transport cargo through complex environments without requiring external cues or guidance. The mechanism exploits chemo-hydrodynamic signals, produced by agents like active droplets or colloids, to remotely sense and respond to their environment-similar to echolocation. Our research paves the way for endowing autonomous, motile synthetic agents with functionalities that have been so far exclusive to biological organisms.

Indexed as

Autonomous RobotsMicrotechnologyChemical PhenomenaHydrodynamicsactive matterautonomous navigationchemotaxismaze solvingmicroswimmers

Identifiers

PMID41609679
PMCPMC12867746

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.