ArticleJournal of nanobiotechnology2026
3D-bioprinted adipose-derived stem cell-secreted GAS6
Article in Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dynamic Tuning of MSC-Based Scaffolds for Neurological Protection After Brain or CNS Injury.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- 3D HucMSCs derived extracellular vesicles enhanced therapeutic efficacy in treating intrauterine adhesions via BECN1 delivery.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced neuroinflammation, driven by inflammatory microglial polarization, continues to pose a significant regenerative and clinical challenge. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have demonstrated great potential in mitigating post-TBI inflammation. Nevertheless, the limited yield and efficacy of sEVs produced via conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture systems (2D-sEVs) substantially hinder their clinical applicability. Moreover, effective strategies for the therapeutic application of sEVs in TBI treatment, along with an understanding of their underlying mechanisms, remain largely unexplored. In this study, we employed a 3D coaxial bioprinting method to encapsulate adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) within a hydrogel microfiber, facilitating 3D culturing and large-scale production of 3D-sEVs. Additionally, we utilized GelMA hydrogel for the sustained release of 3D-sEVs and evaluated their effects in LPS-activated microglia as well as in a TBI mouse model. Our results demonstrated that 3D culture significantly enhanced sEV production. GelMA improved sEV stability and prolonged sEV release up to 30 days in vivo. Compared to 2D-sEVs, 3D-sEVs offered superior therapeutic benefits. Specifically, 3D-sEVs substantially reduced neuroinflammation and brain tissue loss while accelerating motor function recovery in TBI mice. Furthermore, 3D-sEVs shifted pro-inflammatory microglia toward an anti-inflammatory polarization state, as evidenced by elevated expression levels of IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, Arg1, and CD206, alongside reduced expression of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, and CD86, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, 3D-sEVs attenuated chemotaxis and migration in LPS-activated microglia. Further mechanistic exploration through RNA-seq, proteomic profiling, and GAS6 knockdown in 3D-sEVs, revealed that 3D-sEVs deliver growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS6) to modulate the transition of microglia from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state, thereby mitigating neuroinflammation following TBI. Our findings underscore the therapeutic promise of sEVs derived from 3D-cultured ADSCs in treating TBI via modulating microglia polarization.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.