Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41614604›Full record

ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2026

Advancing intradermal vaccine delivery: Focus on hollow microneedles and skin models.

Wannes Verbist, Elias Broeckhoven, Pol Vanwersch, Vedika Shrirang Choudhari, Lorenz Van Hileghem, Dragana Spasic, Lotte Coelmont, Tim Evens, Sylvie Castagne, Albert Van Bael and 2 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Wannes VerbistDepartment of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Elias BroeckhovenDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation; Virology, Antiviral Drug and Vaccine Research Group, Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Pol VanwerschDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and Flanders Make@KU Leuven - M&A, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Vedika Shrirang ChoudhariDepartment of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Lorenz Van HileghemDepartment of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Dragana SpasicDepartment of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Lotte CoelmontDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation; Virology, Antiviral Drug and Vaccine Research Group, Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Tim EvensDepartment of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
Sylvie CastagneDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and Flanders Make@KU Leuven - M&A, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Albert Van BaelDepartment of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
Kai DallmeierDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation; Virology, Antiviral Drug and Vaccine Research Group, Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Jeroen LammertynDepartment of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Intradermal (ID) vaccine administration is a promising alternative to intramuscular injection yet remains underused, as the classically employed Mantoux technique is difficult to perform consistently. Hollow microneedles (HMNs) offer a more user-friendly approach for liquid vaccine delivery but face issues such as inconsistent skin piercing and inefficient liquid injection. To address these issues, in the preclinical phase, skin models are used that mimic the mechanical, structural, and immunological properties of human skin as well as the interaction between skin and needle. However, current models often fail to capture the entire biological complexity. This review discusses recent findings, challenges, and engineering solutions for reliable HMN skin piercing and liquid injection, alongside emerging trends in skin model technologies for vaccine delivery. Unique to this review paper is the final perspective, which highlights how advances in skin model technologies can be leveraged to accelerate and de-risk HMN development, streamlining the preclinical phase.

Indexed as

Drug Delivery SystemsMicroneedle Drug DeliverySkinVaccinesAnimalsHumansInjections, IntradermalNeedlesVaccinesex vivo skin modelHollow microneedlesintradermal vaccine deliveryin vitro skin modelin vivo skin modelpreclinical developmentsynthetic skin model

Identifiers

PMID41614604
PMCPMC12867454

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.