ArticleNPJ vaccines2026
Refined phenotyping of vaccine responses reveals transcriptomic determinants of neutralizing antibody heterogeneity.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Individuals exhibit considerable heterogeneity in vaccine-induced antibody responses, yet commonly used binary classifications may overlook intermediate patterns. More nuanced grouping could better capture inter-individual differences. Here, we analyzed longitudinal neutralizing antibody (NAb) trajectories in 73 adults after inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Unsupervised analysis identified three phenotypes: Low-Delayed Responders (LR), with a modest, delayed NAb rise to day 30; Rapid-Stabilizing Responders (RS), peaking at day 7 and plateauing thereafter; and Continuous Increase Responders (CI), exhibiting sustained increases. Between days 0 and 7, these groups diverged in immune activation: LR showed limited pathway activation or cell shifts; RS exhibited early innate activation with reduced dendritic cells; CI mounted innate and adaptive responses with increased naive B cells. These differences culminated at day 7, when CI exhibited enhanced antigen presentation and Th1-related pathways, accompanied by higher IFN-γ and IL-2 T cell responses. CI also showed post-transcriptional regulation of innate signaling, including HLA-F/H splicing, 3'UTR shortening in IKBKE and HRAS, and biased IGHV4-59-IGHJ4 usage. Finally, we developed a baseline gene model accurately predicting LR individuals. Our work refines responder classification and provides molecular insights into antibody heterogeneity, laying groundwork for early stratification and personalized vaccination.
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