ArticleAmerican journal of botany2026
Phylogenomics reveals the evolution of floral traits associated with pollinators and pollinator-prey conflict within the carnivorous Pinguicula subgenus Temnoceras.
Article in American journal of botany, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
premiseThe carnivorous plant genus Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) exhibits remarkable floral diversity associated with pollination, particularly in the largest subgenus Temnoceras, which spans Mexico and Central America. Despite this diversity, the relationships between species and the evolution of key floral traits remain unresolved. Here, we employed whole-genome sequencing to reconstruct a robust phylogeny and examine the evolution of pollination syndromes and potential pollinator-prey conflicts.
methodsWe generated nuclear and plastid genomic data for 32 Pinguicula species. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using 2189 BUSCO loci analyzed through ASTRAL. Morphological traits associated with pollination and carnivory were assessed with ancestral state reconstruction, principal component analysis, and phylogenetic linear models. Loss and pseudogenization of ndh genes implicated in potential shifts in trophic strategies were evaluated in both nuclear and plastid genomes.
resultsOur genome-scale phylogeny resolved six monophyletic clades within Temnoceras, refining infrageneric classification. Most ndh genes are either lost or pseudogenized across both genomic compartments. Floral morphology strongly clusters by pollinator type, with fly-pollinated species forming a distinct clade characterized by cylindrical spurs and tubes. Ancestral reconstructions indicate multiple independent transitions in spur and tube morphology. Phylogenetic linear modeling revealed a significant evolutionary correlation between scape length and carnivorous leaf area, suggesting that spatial separation may represent an adaptive response to mitigate pollinator-prey conflict.
conclusionsThis study provides a refined phylogenetic framework for Pinguicula subgenus Temnoceras and highlights how pollinator specialization and carnivory-related traits contribute to floral evolution.The repeated loss of ndh genes implies relaxed selective pressure on photosynthesis-related pathways in these carnivorous species.
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