Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41619359›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of hygiene and environmental health2026

Differential metabolic profiles by training fire exposure in female firefighters.

Tuo Liu, James Hollister, Krystal J Kern, Michelle Valenti, Shawn C Beitel, John J Gulotta, Sara A Jahnke, Heather Buren, John Haseney, Brian O'Neill and 8 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Tuo LiuDepartment of Community, Environment, and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
James HollisterDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Krystal J KernDepartment of Community, Environment, and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Michelle ValentiDepartment of Community, Environment, and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Shawn C BeitelDepartment of Community, Environment, and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
John J GulottaTucson Fire Department, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Sara A JahnkeNDRI-USA, Inc, USA.
Heather BurenSan Francisco Fire Department, San Francisco, CA, USA.
John HaseneyNew York Fire Department, New York, NY, USA.
Brian O'NeillSan Antonio Fire Department, San Antonio, TX, USA.
Caitlin St ClairPuget Sound Reginal Fire Authority, Renton, WA, USA.
Yiwen LiuDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Frank von HippelDepartment of Community, Environment, and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Catherine E MullinsGangarosa Department of Environmental Medicine, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Douglas I WalkerGangarosa Department of Environmental Medicine, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Jaclyn M GoodrichDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Jefferey L BurgessDepartment of Community, Environment, and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Melissa A FurlongDepartment of Community, Environment, and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Electronic address: mfurlong@arizona.edu.

Funding

SOUTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES CENTERP30ES006694 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA · PI George S Watts · 1994 to 2026
$36.7M
NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES006694
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundFemale firefighters face elevated risks for cancer and reproductive disorders, but the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain unclear.

objectivesThis study aimed to identify urinary metabolites and metabolic processes associated with training fire exposure among female municipal firefighters.

methodsHigh-resolution metabolomics (HRM) was conducted on urine samples collected before and after live-fire training from female firefighters enrolled in the Fire Fighter Cancer Cohort Study. Linear mixed-effects models, adjusting for age, education, and Hispanic ethnicity, were used to identify differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) with false discovery rate correction. Functional enrichment analysis (FEA) via metabolite-set enrichment analysis (MSEA) from MetaboAnalyst was performed to identify enriched metabolic processes. A stratified analysis examined the influence of fire types on post-fire metabolic profiles.

resultsOne hundred female firefighters donated a total of 200 urine samples (100 pre-, 100 post-fire). HRM was performed in four modes including HILIC(+), HILIC(-), C18(+), and C18(-). We identified 200, 300, 280, and 306 metabolites and 10, 9, 23, and 19 post-training fire DEMs from the four modes, respectively. FEA highlighted enrichment of glycerophospholipid metabolism (p < 0.05). Stratified analysis identified 11 DEMs by fire type with greater changes observed following burn room/tower exposures compared to flashover fires.

conclusionTraining fire exposure induced widespread metabolic alterations in female firefighters, particularly in pathways related to oxidative stress and cell damage. These findings suggest potential biological pathways linking repeated fire exposure to chronic inflammation and disease risk. Burn room/tower burn exercises elicited more pronounced metabolic shifts than flashover fires.

Indexed as

FirefightersFiresMetabolomeOccupational ExposureAdultFemaleHumansMetabolomicsMiddle AgedFemale firefighterFire exposureHealth risksUrinary metabolomics

Identifiers

PMID41619359
PMCPMC13052827

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.